-으세요

A non-past honorific informal polite style suffix expressing declarative, interrogative, imperative, and suggestive moods depending on context.


-듯

Shortened form of -듯이 (-deusi, “as if, just like”)


-ㄴ-

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -는- (-neun-, present-tense suffix)


-되

however, but: a suffix connecting contradictory facts

but: a suffix introducing a contradictory additional explanation or a condition one must follow.

A suffix indicating that the following statement is a direct quote.


-으되

alternative form of -되 (-doe, “but, however”) used with 있다 (itda), 없다 (eopda), -겠- (-get-), -었- (-eot-) and its other forms.


-으시-

An honorific suffix for verbs and adjectives indicating that the subject of the sentence or the direct possessor of it is honored; it attaches directly to the stem, preceding all other suffixes.

An honorific suffix for verbs and adjectives indicating that the addressee (not the subject or the possessor) is honored


-이라고

Introduces direct quotes. Compare -고 (-go).


-겠-

A general future speculative suffix; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific -으시- (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.


-겠-

Used to strongly confirm that something is the case; nowadays, it is typically followed by another clause which draws a conclusion based on that fact.


-라

Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:


-라

ellipsis of -라고 (-rago, post-vowel form of -이라고 (-irago, direct quotation marker))


-라

because, since; used directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”). It is the equivalent of the infinitive -어 (-eo) for other stems.


-라

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으라 (-eura, imperative suffix)


-라

suffix used after words ending with a vowel.


이다

For the Korean copula ("to be"), see the entry at -이다 (-ida).


아니라

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 아니다 (anida), -라 (-ra).


-다고

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -다 (-da), -고 (-go).

Used for the indirect quotation of sentences in the declarative.

In the intimate style, used to express relief that something has not come to pass.

Used to note that someone is using something as a reason or excuse, sometimes with a pejorative nuance.

Used to cite proverbs, maxims, and aphorisms.


앙등

a sudden rise, advance, jump, appreciation


-으라고

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -으라 (-eura), -고 (-go): used for the indirect quotation of sentences in the imperative


尾聯

hanja form of 미련 (“lingering attachment”)


-다니

In the intimate style or in monologues, used to express surprise or anger at something one has just learned or remembered. Often followed by a sentence expanding on the emotion being felt.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -다 (-da), -니 (-ni) — equivalent to a short form of 다고 하니 (-da-go ha-ni)


-으라니

See -으라 (-eura), -니 (-ni) — equivalent to 으라고 하니 (-eura-go ha-ni, “since [one] tells [someone] to..., does [one] tell [someone] to...”), 으라고 하다니 (-eura-go ha-dani, “how could [one] tell [someone] to...”).


며

More information(MC reading: 厼)(MC reading: 㢱)(MC reading: 旀)


-으며

and; enumerates descriptions or actions.


熱狂者

hanja form of 열광자 (“enthusiast, zealot, fanatic”)


-다랗다

Attached after adjectives and less commonly some roots; an intensifying suffix creating h-irregular adjectives


-들

An auxiliary plural particle with an emphasis on the individuality of each item. See Usage notes for more.


-앓이

-ache: A suffix added to nouns mainly denoting organs and body parts; indicates illness or pain in such a place, sometimes figuratively.


-슴둥

Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


-ㅁ둥

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴둥 (-seumdung, formal polite interrogative suffix)


狂信者

hanja form of 광신자 (“fanatic, a fanatic believer, zealot”)


-씩

each, apiece, at a time: A suffix most commonly attaching to counters to denote some equal, regular distribution.


누룽지

nurungji; scorched rice from the bottom of a rice pot


-면서

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으면서 (-eumyeonseo)


-면서

Short for 고 하면서 (-go ha-myeonseo, “while saying that...; even though [one] says that...”).

even though [one] said...; attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style".

In the intimate style, used to confirm something one has heard or to sarcastically point out someone's hypocrisy; attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style".


-으라우

alternative form of -으라 (-eura, imperative suffix)


-이라우

Attached to nouns, or to the verb-final suffixes of the intimate style, to form the polite style (i.e. adding politeness).


-다

In the plain style, the sentence-final declarative mood suffix.

Used to form the dictionary citation form of verbs and adjectives; note that Korean verbs and adjectives are never lemmatized at the infinitive.


-다

contraction of -다가 (-daga, emphatic marker)


-다

alternative form of -다가 (-daga, “and then; but soon”, conveys one action halting and another beginning)


조합형

"Combining form": Johab, encoding of a hangul syllable as a combination of initial, medial, and (optional) final letters.


완성형

"Whole form": Wansung, encoding of a hangul syllable as a precomposed whole.


-요

A particle attached to intimate-style verbs and adjective endings and some blunt-style endings to form the polite style, the usual speech level for polite but not extremely formal conversation, e.g. by a student to a teacher, a child to a parent, or between colleagues.

A particle attached to substantives, adverbs, or non-sentence-final endings to show respect to the listener in the polite style.


-요

Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialect form of -오 (-o, post-vowel allomorph of -소 (-so, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix))


-예

Gyeongsang form of -요 (-yo, non-formal politeness-marking particle)


-도다

A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to express admiration or surprise.

A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to declare a certain fact.


-구나

a plain-style exclamatory suffix used to express a certain feeling (surprise, wonder, admiration, etc.) upon discovering or hearing about a new fact.


-어서

so, since: a suffix used to express cause, reason.

and then: a suffix used to indicate that two or more connected actions happen in a sequential order; the first clause usually establishes the state, position, location, or the object of the second clause.


충청도

Chungcheong, Ch'ungch'ŏng (a province of Korea)


함경도

Hamgyeong, Hamgyŏng (a province of Korea)


-대

In the intimate style, used to convey something someone else has said:

In the intimate style, used to ask about a fact that one takes as a given, adding a nuance of annoyance or surprise.


-래

Short for 라(고) 해 (-ra(-go) hae, “[one] says that...”); alternative form of -대 (-dae), used in the environments of the allomorph -라 (-ra) of -다 (-da).

Short for 라(고) 해 (-ra(-go) hae, “[one] says to...”); post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으래 (-eurae)


-에요

alternative form of -어요 (-eoyo), used after the copulas -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)


-더-

The retrospective suffix, marking that the speaker (in declaratives) or the addressee (in interrogatives) has personally observed the action/state conveyed by the verb/adjective, or a fact from which the action/state could be inferred; that either this action/state was not taken by the observer, or the observer did not do so purposefully; and that this action/state occurred at a place or time removed from the current conversation. It adds a nuance that one is speaking of the action/state from the subjective viewpoint of an external observer.

The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix.


-더

A vocative case marker showing respect for the addressee without conceding one's own social status.


-러

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으러 (-eureo)


-으러

in order to; used only with verbs of movement


-도록

so that, so as to: a suffix used to indicate a purpose, goal of a certain action.

to: a suffix used to show a degree, extent of an action.

until: a suffix used to indicate that an action lasted until a certain point in time (likely until a certain state has nearly finished).


-리-

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ㄹ (l), or the irregular ㄷ (d) ~ ㄹ (l) stems. No longer productive.

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, attaching to verb stems which end in ㄹ (l), or the irregular ㄷ (d) ~ ㄹ (l) stems. No longer productive.


-리-

For the prospective/future suffix, see the entry at -리 (-ri).


-리

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으리 (-euri, future/prospective suffix)


백장

alternative form of 백정(白丁) (baekjeong, “butcher”)


백정

baekjeong, the untouchable caste within the Joseon caste system


-으리

In the plain style or in poetic monologue, a prospective suffix which attaches to verbs and adjectives:


-ㅂ

a sentence-final particle connoting certitude, most common among younger speakers


아방궁

Epang Palace (palace complex of Qin Shihuang, first emperor of China)


아방궁

wastefully extravagant mansion, especially one built using public money


-가

synonym of -이 (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.


-가

In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking yes-no questions. It is only used for the copula -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다 (aida, “to not be”).


-가

See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.


-가

Yukjin and Russia form of -과 (-gwa, “with, and”)

Yukjin and Russia form of -와 (-wa, “with, and”)


-갓-

Pyongan, Hwanghae, and Yukjin form of -겠- (-get-, “will, intend, probably”)


-개

Attaches to verbal stems to derive agentive nouns.


-어야

only if: a suffix indicating a strong, essential condition which has to be achieved to realize a certain goal.

no matter: a suffix indicating that an action or a state has no influence over a certain situation, often questioning the extent of it.


-것-

obsolete and southern dialectal form of -겠- (-get-, confirmative suffix)


-도

as well, too, also
either, or; (negative) neither, nor
even


-어도

even though, but: a suffix introducing two truths which seem to contradict each other.

even if, no matter: a suffix presenting a possible truth and indicating that an action or a state has no influence over a certain situation, often questioning the extent of it..


-게

-ly; a suffix attached to the stems of verbs and adjectives to derive adverbs.


-게

In the familiar style, the principal imperative suffix.


-게

alternative form of -개 (-gae, “[agentive suffix]”)


-구-

Derives certain causative verbs. No longer productive.


-구

dialectal and slang form of -고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix)


-구

dialectal and slang form of -고 (-go, “that”, quotative particle)


-군

I see; in the intimate style or in monologues, used to emphasize a new fact that the speaker has learned.


-군

North Korea standard spelling of -꾼 (-kkun)


-기-

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, particularly but not exclusively attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ㅁ (m), ㄴ (n), or ㅅ (s). No longer productive.

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, particularly but not exclusively attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ㅁ (m), ㄴ (n), or ㅅ (s). No longer productive.


-기

to, -ing, that...; derives verbal and adjectival substantives.

-ing, -ment, -tion; derives nouns from verbs and adjectives.


-기

For Sino-Korean suffixes, see the entries at 기 (gi).


-데

intimate-style equivalent form of -더라 (-deora)

The intimate-style interrogative retrospective suffix. See -더- (-deo-) for usage notes.


든

past adnominal of 들다 (deulda, “to enter, etc.”)

past adnominal of 들다 (deulda, “to hold, etc.”)


덧문

an outer door or window, a rain door or window, shutter


슴

A prefix attached to some nouns to make additional semantic relation with woman's breast. Chiefly used in sexual contexts.


-어라

a plain-style exclamatory ending for verbs and adjectives; not specifically addressed to another person and particularly common when talking to oneself; mainly used in colloquial speech.


-아라

Yang-vowel form of -어라 (-eora, imperative suffix)


-아라

Yang-vowel form of -어라 (-eora, exclamatory suffix)


-어야 되다

synonym of -어야 하다 (-eoya hada, “must, have to”)


-아야 되다

Yang-vowel form of -어야 하다 (-eoya hada); synonym of -아야 하다 (-aya hada, “must, have to”)


-어야겠-

short for 어야 하겠 (-eoya ha-get-) or 어야 되겠 (-eoya doe-get-).


긴업

auspicious rat snake; the household spirit of wealth, in the physical form of a rat snake


-해

Attached to the end of sentences to imitate Chinese people speaking Korean.


-해

See the entry at 해(海) (hae, “sea”) for the Sino-Korean suffix.


-었-

-ed: A general past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence; it often carries a perfect meaning.


-았-

Yang-vowel form of -었- (-eot-, past-tense suffix)


-야

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -아 (-a, “hey”, vocative particle)


-야

alternative form of -어 (-eo, intimate-style suffix), used after the copulas -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)


-야

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -이야 (-iya, emphatic particle)


-이야

as for; adds emphasis to the topic of the sentence.


-었었-

-ed: A past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence; it carries a meaning of finished action, however the state has also become different from the past.


광복절

National Liberation Day of Korea (August 15), a holiday in both North and South Korea, marking the end of Japanese colonial rule


-여

alternative form of -어 (-eo, infinitive/connective suffix), used after the stem of 하다 (hada).

alternative form of -어 (-eo, infinitive/connective suffix), used after i- and y-stem verbs


-여

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -이여 (-iyeo, “O”, exclamatory vocative particle)


-여

pronunciation spelling of -요 (-yo, politeness-adding particle), representing colloquial Korean


-여

alternative form of -이여 (-iyeo, “and”, dialectal connective particle for enumerating nouns)


-여

See the entry at 여(餘) (yeo, “(of a numeral) somewhat more than”).


-여야

alternative form of -어야 (-eoya, “only if; no matter”), used after the stem of 하다 (hada).


-잉

alternative form of -이 (-i, word-final particle denoting certitude and/or emotional intimacy)


락다운

lockdown (confinement of people as a security measure)


-우-

Derives certain causative verbs, especially for stems ending in ㅣ (i). No longer productive.


토루

tulou (a fortified Chinese rural dwelling made from earth, unique to the Hakka in the mountainous areas in southeastern Fujian)


-우

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으우 (-euu, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix)

The primary semi-formal style sentence-final suffix.


-으우

alternative form of -으오 (-euo, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix), commonly used by older women when addressing socially superior women in informal contexts.


-으오

synonym of -소 (-so, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix)


公休

hanja form of 공휴 (“public holiday, legal holiday”)


公休日

hanja form of 공휴일 (“public holiday, legal holiday”)


-소

Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:

Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:

Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:


-오

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -소 (-so, “semi-formal style sentence-final suffix”)


-오-

allomorphic form of -으옵- (-euop-, self-deferential suffix), used after vowels or ㄹ (l) and before a vowel, including an underlying epenthetical vowel.


-으오-

allomorphic form of -으옵- (-euop-, self-deferential suffix), used after consonants and before a vowel, including an underlying epenthetical vowel.


-이

For non-honorific nouns ending in consonants, the nominative case particle marking it as the subject of a verb or adjective; see also Usage Notes.

For nouns ending in consonants, a particle marking it as the grammatical complement of the verbal stems 되다 (doeda, “to become”) and 아니다 (anida, “to not be”).

For nouns ending in consonants, an emphatic particle used to mark the object of desire in a construction with the auxiliary verb 싶다 (sipda, “to want”).


-이

A noun-deriving suffix for certain consonant-final verb and adjective stems, used to nominalize both individual verbs and entire phrases.

-er, -or; an agent noun-deriving suffix attached to certain consonant-final words, stems, and phrases.

A suffix attached to numerals, with the sense of "a group of people of that number".

A suffix attached to consonant-final personal names; compare English -y as in Johnny. See also Usage Notes.

A suffix attached to consonant-final words for animals. In many cases, the original, non-suffixed form is not used.

A suffix attached to any noun to euphonically lengthen the word without changing its meaning. Now more productive in non-Seoul dialects.


-이

-ly; an adverb-deriving suffix, attaching especially to adjectives and certain reduplicated monosyllabic nouns. No longer productive in Seoul Korean.

A suffix attached to an existing adverb not derived from a verb, generally with a more emphatic sense. No longer productive in Seoul Korean.


-이

A word-final particle denoting certitude and emotional intimacy.


-이

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으이 (-eu'i, “familiar style ending”)


-째

-th; derives ordinal numbers
-th oldest child


-으이-

A suffix adding an intensified degree of politeness or deference.


-질

A depreciative noun-forming suffix attached to nouns.

A nominalisation suffix attached to nouns, verbs or adjectives. The act of doing ...


엿-

Attached to some verbs to convey the meaning of “secretly; stealthily; in secret”.


-엔

contraction of 에는 (-e-neun), or alternatively analyzable as the synonymous -에 (-e) + -ㄴ (-n).


-이-

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in a vowel, an aspirate consonant, ㄱ (g), or ㄹ (l). No longer productive.

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, mainly attaching to verb stems ending in a vowel or in an aspirate consonant. No longer productive.


-이-

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으이- (-eu'i-, polite deferential suffix)


-의

’s. genitive case marker, indicating that the previous word has possession of the next one. It functions like the English suffix “-’s”, or like the word “of” with the position of possessor and possessee switched.


-이랑

and, with: the comitative particle denoting accompaniment or connection of two or more items.

a particle denoting similarity or difference with the subject.


-랑

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -이랑 (-irang)


자국

mark, stain, smudge
print, impression
track, trail


-지

Used to contrast two facts regarding the same topic, thereby emphasizing both facts. In conversation, it is usually used to deny or qualify something the other person has said. The second fact tends to be negated or a rhetorical question.

Used to strongly emphasize a fact by connecting two differently worded statements amounting to the same meaning. The second statement tends to be negated or a rhetorical question.

In the intimate style, a general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than -어 (-eo):


-지

Used for the negated verb or adjective in "long negation".


-지

only used in -는지 (-neunji), -은지 (-eunji), -던지 (-deonji), -을지 (-eulji), and -을는지 (-eulleunji).


-은 지

since, (from the time) that...; followed by a statement or question about the temporal duration.


-로

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으로 (-euro, “to, toward; using, by, with; due to”)


-보다

than; used to form comparisons, optionally with 더 (deo, “more”)


-ㅇ

a sentence-final particle associated with cuteness or affection, particularly common among young people and especially young women


어플리케이션

alternative form of 애플리케이션 (aepeullikeisyeon, “(computing) application”)


어플

short for 어플리케이션 (eopeullikeisyeon, “(computing) application”)


-고는 하다

customarily, habitually; (in the past tense) would...


-다 하면

if... always; expresses the inevitable, and usually quickly ensuing, result of a hypothetical.


-으니께

alternative form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “since, because, as”)


-어하다

to consider, to find; attached to various adjectives, primarily those conveying an emotion or sensation, to form transitive verbs. The connotation of the verb is that one's experience of the emotion or sensation can be seen by an external observer.

Attached to certain verbs to give it a durative sense.


-으로 하여

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -으로 (-euro), 하- (ha-), -여 (-yeo).


-쯤 해서

at around; emphatic form of 쯤에 (-jjeum-e, “at around”)


하면

conditional of 하다 (hada): see 하다 (hada), -으면 (-eumyeon).


하면

Attaches to a noun to introduce an exemplar, most desirable example, or closely associated fact about said noun.


할 것 없다

to have no need to distinguish; to be without distinction


-치

See the entry at 치(癡) (chi, “someone who is terrible at...”).


-에

at (indicates that the preceding noun functions as a locative adverb, making a place or location)

at (indicates that the preceding noun functions as a temporal adverb, making a point in time)

to (indicates the direction or destination of movement)

because of (marks the cause or reason behind an action)

with, by (marks the noun that acts as the stimulus or cause for a reaction or movement)

to, about, in (marks the noun as the recipient or target that an action affects or within which a state is realized)

for (indicates that the preceding noun represents a goal or purpose)

by (indicates the method or means by which an action is performed)

in (marks the condition or state in which an action occurs)

per (marks the preceding noun as a reference standard or unit of measure, used for evaluation, distribution, or calculation)

than (indicates the object of a direct comparison between two entities, without implying a measured standard)

as (shows that the preceding noun represents the role or position assumed)

within (conveys that the scope or range is confined to a specified group or area)

about (with expressions like 관하여 or 대하여. indicates the subject or object that is being specified for discussion)

plus (denotes that something additional is added to what has been mentioned)

and (functions as a coordinating postposition that links two or more nouns of equal status)


악역

villain, baddy (bad person in a stage or screen play)


異端者

hanja form of 이단자 (“pagan, heathen; heretic”)


邪宗

hanja form of 사종 (“heresy; heretical sect”)


론문

North Korea standard form of 논문(論文) (nonmun, “an academic publication”)


-히-

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in non-aspirate obstruents such as ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), ㅂ (b), and ㅈ (j). No longer productive.

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, mainly attaching to verb stems which end in non-aspirate obstruents such as ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), ㅂ (b), and ㅈ (j). No longer productive.


-이라도

even, at least; marks that something is acceptable or that one must make do with it, but that it is not totally desirable.

even; used for emphasis after a limited time or quantity.

Used in conditionals to add greater doubt, attaching either to an adverb expressing doubt or to the thing whose existence is being supposed.

Used for emphasis in constructions involving 은 듯 (-eun deut, “as if”) or 은 것처럼 (-eun geot-cheoreom, “as if”).

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -이다 (-ida), -라도 (-rado).


-인데

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -이다 (-ida), -은데 (-eunde).


-같이

like, in a similar way
every time
as soon as


-과

and
with; together with
as, from; used in comparisons


덧

a while; interval of time (usually short)


-와

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (indicates that the preceding noun is used as a standard or basis for comparison)

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (marks that an action is performed in the company of or alongside someone or something)

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (denotes an opponent or target with which one is in competition or conflict)

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (connects two or more nouns on equal footing; in some cases, the postposition 와 may be omitted and replaced by a comma)


-와

This suffix is formed by combining the polite ending -오- with the connecting suffix -아. It attaches to verb stems that either have no final consonant, rend in ㄹ, or follow the honorific marker -으시-.


막-

See the entry at 막 (mak, “rough, careless, of low quality”).


찰-

Attached to certain nouns to denote “sticky”, “glutinous”, “gluey”, etc.

Attached to certain nouns to denote “extreme”, “severe”, “excessive”, etc.


얼-

Attached to some nouns to mean “slight, approximate, incomplete, insufficient”.

Attached to verbs and the noun form of some verbs to mean “slightly, incomplete, indistinctly”.


짓-

Prefix attached to verbs, denoting "carelessly, recklessly"

Prefix attached to nouns, denoting "extreme, excessive"


-인

realis adnominal of -이다 (-ida, “to be (copula)”)


확신하다

to be convinced, to be sure, to be certain


현질러

someone who pays for items in an online game


사공이 많으면 배가 산으로 간다

"if there are many captains, the ship goes to the mountains"; too many cooks spoil the broth


댄추

Hwanghae, Jeolla dialect, Gangwon, Gyeongsang, and Seoul form of 단추 (danchu, “button”)


죙이

Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Hwanghae, and Seoul form of 종이 (jong'i, “paper”)


와리가리

short for 왔다리 갔다리 (watdari gatdari, “back and forth”)


와리가리

going zigzag, especially in reckless driving

a ball game involving passing balls back and forth (not commonly played today)


邪世

hanja form of 사세 (“(literary) evil times; perverse times; chaotic times”)


八表

hanja form of 팔표 (“the far ends of the earth”)


주둥이

muzzle, snout, mouth (of animals or of a jar)


東峽

hanja form of 동협 (“mountainous region east of Seoul, i.e. eastern Gyeonggi Province and Gangwon Province”)


地方自治

hanja form of 지방자치 (“local self-government, autonomy”)


왤케

contraction of 왜 이렇게 (wae ireoke, “Why so? Why .... like this?”)


이민위천

holding the benefit of the people to be one's political goal


以民爲天

hanja form of 이민위천 (“holding the benefit of the people to be one's political goal”)


기왕증

anamnesis (the medical history of a patient)


스핑크스

sphinx (creature with the head of a person and the body of an animal)


祛痰劑

hanja form of 거담제 (“(medicine) expectorant”)


탕자

prodigal, debauchee, libertine
the prodigal son


칠전팔기

"tumbling seven times and standing up eight times"; persevering despite repeated failures


강원도 포수

someone sent on an errand who fails to return even after a long time


데자

Pyongan form of 제자(弟子) (jeja, “disciple, pupil”)


머플러

a muffler (a device attached to a vehicle's exhaust to reduce the sound)


잇기

Conventionally given as the gloss to the Classical Chinese sentence-final particle 也 (yě) in traditional character dictionaries.


아심탢다

alternative form of 아심턔닣다 (asimtyaenita, “(Yukjin) to be grateful; to be thankful”)


아심턔닣다

to be thankful for a favor someone has done; conjugated forms are used to thank someone.


오느비

Yukjin form of 오누이 (onu'i, “brother and sister”)


짜구배

mixed-race person (in Yukjin areas, usually a child of a Russian and a Korean or Chinese)


즁국

Yukjin form of 중국(中國) (Jungguk, “China”)


즁국사람

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 즁국 (Jungguk), 사람 (saram) — Chinese person, citizen of China (in contrast to citizens of other countries)

Han Chinese person (in contrast to Chinese citizens of Korean ethnicity)


야댜하다

to not use honorifics or deferential speech levels when speaking


흙밥

shovelful of soil; spadeful of soil; plow-ful of soil


-시니까

Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs


노나다

Chungcheong, Hwanghae, and Seoul form of 나누다 (nanuda, “share, split up”)


졘쟝

Yukjin form of 전쟁(戰爭) (jeonjaeng, “war”)


위급존망지추

critical moment determining something's survival


完全數

hanja form of 완전수 (“(number theory) perfect number”)


투끼

Hwanghae form of 토끼 (tokki, “rabbit, hare”)


퇴끼

dialectal form of 토끼 (tokki, “rabbit, hare”)


로동계급화하다

North Korea standard spelling of 노동계급화하다 (nodonggyegeuphwahada, “to proletarianize”)


노동계급화하다

to becoming the working class, to working-classize, to proletarianize


로동계급화해

infinitive of 로동계급화하다 (rodonggyegeuphwahada)


소리하다

to sing a traditional folk song
to greet, to acknowledge someone coming


한족법

customs ascribed to the Han Chinese, in opposition to those of Koreans; in particular, seems to refer to Westernized or contemporary PRC culture, perceived by some Yanbian Koreans to be Han Chinese in origin, in opposition to traditional Confucian culture.


漢族法

hanja form of 한족법 (“(Yanbian) customs perceived as Han Chinese, in opposition to Korean; in particular, Westernized or contemporary PRC culture, perceived by some Yanbian Koreans to be Han Chinese in origin, in opposition to traditional Confucian culture”)


때다

to make / light (a fire); to burn (firewood)


때다

alternative form of 때우다 (ttae'uda, “to patch up (a hole, etc.)”)


가멸다

to be rich, to be wealthy, to be prosperous


굽신거리다

to bow repeatedly
to fawn, to grovel, to brown-nose


야호

yahoo!, hurray! (interjection expressing joy)


사령

dialectal form of 사랑 (sarang, “love, beloved”)


을씨년스럽다

to be shabby, to be dreary, to be wretched


오스만 제국

Ottoman Empire (a large former Turkish empire centered in modern Turkey that ruled over much of Southeast Europe, West Asia and North Africa from 1299 to 1922)


하나또

alternative spelling of 하낱도 (hanatdo, “(Gyeongsang) even a little”)


포리

Jeolla dialect, Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, Hamgyong, and Yukjin form of 파리 (pari, “fly (insect)”)


포리

alternative spelling of 폴이 (pori, “(Yukjin) arm”)


장개

dialectal, Jeolla dialect, Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, and Hamgyong form of 장가 (jangga, “(for males) wife's family, in-laws”)


갓난애

contraction of 갓난아이 (gannanai, “newborn”)


할많하않

Used to state that one won't state one's thoughts due to the situation being futile or due to annoyance or frustration with the listener.


기묘

Root of 기묘하다 (gimyohada). Rarely used alone.


기묘

The sixteenth term of the Chinese sexagenary cycle, sometimes glossed as "Earth Rabbit" from its associated terms in the Chinese elements and zodiac.


오곡밥

ogok-bap (a Korean dish of boiled glutinous rice, proso millet, sorghum, black beans, and red beans traditionally eaten at Daeboreum, the first full moon of the lunar year)


外王內帝

hanja form of 외왕내제 (“(historical) East Asian practice in which a monarch is described as a 王 (“king”) during diplomacy with the Chinese emperor, and as 皇帝 (huángdì, “emperor”) in his own country (e.g. notably in historical Vietnam)”)


冷然

hanja form of 냉연 (“cold, impassive (of a smile, an expression)”)


폴리네시아

Polynesia (a continental region of Oceania, including Easter Island, Hawaii, New Zealand, and most of the islands between them)


진실게임

truth or dare; in Korea, usually a drinking game where the equivalent to the "dare" is drinking another cup of alcohol.


嶠南

hanja form of 교남 (“synonym of 영남(嶺南) (Yeongnam, “Yeongnam”)”)


미크로네시아

Micronesia (a continental region in Oceania in the northwestern Pacific Ocean)

Micronesia (a country consisting of about 2000 islands in the Micronesia region)


眞書

hanja form of 진서 (“true writing, Chinese characters”)


본인

the person in question; the person concerned


지게

A traditional Korean carrying frame in the shape of the letter A.


두릅나무

Aralia elata, whose young shoots are eaten in the spring.


은제

Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, and Seoul form of 언제 (eonje, “when”)


율무

Job's tears, adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen)


연조비가사

intellectuals worrying about the fate of their country


燕趙悲歌士

hanja form of 연조비가사 (“intellectuals worrying about the fate of their country”)


삽신

sexual penetration (of a woman by a man)


揷身

hanja form of 삽신 (“sexual penetration (of a woman by a man)”)


揷腎

synonym of 揷身 (hanja form of 삽신 (“sexual penetration (of a woman by a man)”))


특별시

special city (South Korean administrative division)


자작나무

Asian white birch, Manchurian white birch, Japanese white birch (Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica)


受信機

hanja form of 수신기 (“(television, radio, etc.) receiver”)


-마저

even; including (stronger than -도 (-do))


죽을 맛

"taste of impending death": (figurative) torturous experience


纖纖玉手

hanja form of 섬섬옥수 (“delicate, beautiful hands”)


內則

hanja form of 내칙 (“bylaw, customary rule; (obsolete) etiquette expected of women”)


내칙

book of etiquette and decorum addressing women; etiquette expected of women


비름

amaranth (plant of the genus Amaranthus)

Especially, edible amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor)


명아주

plant belonging to one of several species in the family Chenopodiaceae, such as the wormseed (Dysphania ambrosioides, syn. Chenopodium ambrosioides) and the fig-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium ficifolium)

white goosefoot (Chenopodium album var. album)


볶음

verbal noun of 볶다 (bokda, “to parch, to panfry”)


피고석

dock (part of a courtroom where the accused sits)


시프다

Southern Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, and Jeolla dialect form of 싶다 (sipda, “to want”)


싶으다

alternative spelling of 시프다 (sipeuda, dialectal form of 싶다 (sipda, “to want”))


대표훈

a 훈 (訓, hun, “native meaning”) of a Chinese character by which the character is conventionally identified, e.g. in speech or in dictionaries (especially in reference to polysemous characters)


代表訓

hanja form of 대표훈 (“representative reading of a Chinese character”)


샇다

Gyeongsang form of 쌓다 (ssata, “to stack, to pile up”, also an auxiliary verb)


드가다

synonym of 들어가다 (deureogada, “to go in”)


꿩의밥

woodrush (plant of the genus Luzula)
In particular, Luzula capitata.


안개꽃

baby's breath (flowering plant in the genus Gypsophila)

Particularly, Gypsophila elegans or annual baby's breath.


부처꽃

In particular, Lythrum anceps, sometimes considered a subspecies of purple loosestrife.


벼룩이자리

thyme-leaf sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia)


찐따

cripple, someone who has the polio disease


벗풀

In particular, threeleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia).


개구리밥

In particular, common duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza).


왕따

outcast, completely bulled or marginalized


보자기

bojagi (traditional Korean wrapping cloth)


호랑버들

The sallow, goat willow, or pussy willow (Salix caprea).


헬창

musclehead, jock; a male obsessed with bodybuilding or do sport to show off


에든버러

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


필름이 끊기다

"the film is cut": (slang) to experience an alcohol-induced blackout


술이 떡이 되다

"alcohol becomes tteok": to be dead drunk


쏙독새

A nightjar, especially the jungle nightjar (Caprimulgus indicus).


편육

pyeonyuk (beef or pork that has been boiled and pressed)


片肉

hanja form of 편육 (“sliced pressed meat”)


꼬치고기

In particular, the red barracuda (Sphyraena pinguis).


갈치

largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus)


魴魚

hanja form of 방어 (“amberjack”) (Seriola spp.)


김심

Northern Gyeonggi form of 점심(點心) (jeomsim, “lunch”)


어디메

Pyongan, Hwanghae, Yanbian dialectal, Hamgyong, and Seoul form of 어디 (eodi, “where”)


야덟

Pyongan, Northern Jeolla, Hamgyong, North Korea, and Russia form of 여덟 (yeodeol, “eight”)


바우

Southern Dialectal, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Seoul, Gyeongsang, and Gangwon form of 바위 (bawi, “rock, boulder”)


무신

dialectal, Jeolla dialect, Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, Gangwon, and Seoul form of 무슨 (museun, “what, kind of”)


무신

government official serving a military and war


무신

The forty-fifth term of the Chinese sexagenary cycle, sometimes glossed as "Earth Monkey" from its associated terms in the Chinese elements and zodiac.


안초비

European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)


樂山樂水

hanja form of 요산요수 (“finding pleasure in nature”)


근친

short for 근친상간(近親相姦) (geunchinsanggan, “incest”)


사통

secret communication, illicit correspondence

illicit relations; adultery; fornication


원지

Polygala tenuifolia, an herb in the milkwort family.


고추나물

St. John's wort (any of several species in the genus Hypericum)

In particular, Hypericum erectum, a species native to China, Japan, and Jeju Island.


물레나물

The great St John's wort or giant St John's wort (Hypericum ascyron).


제비꽃

In particular, Viola mandshurica, a species of violet native to northeastern Asia.


바늘꼬리칼새

white-throated needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus)


유지어터

someone who keeps fit and therefore stays healthy, usually avoiding the so-called "yo-yo effect"


倍率

hanja form of 배율 (“magnification, magnifying power”)


다이어터

someone who keeps to do a series of failed diets, i.e. the yo-yo dieting


알람

mechanical alarm (e.g. to wake people up)


빡치다

to fly off the handle; to get angry, to get pissed


신변잡기

piece of writing about one's quotidian experiences (often with a connotation that it is trivial)


身邊雜記

hanja form of 신변잡기 (“piece of writing about one's quotidian experiences”)


개렵다

dialectal, Gangwon, Seoul, Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect, and Pyongan form of 가렵다 (garyeopda, “to be itchy”)


어데

abbreviation of 어디에 (eodi-e, “where at, where to”)


토기

qi of the earth; energy of the earth (especially in Five Phases cosmology)


왕게

red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)


참게

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)


청색꽃게

The blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus), formerly considered a subspecies of flower crab.


매자나무

A barberry plant, particularly the Korean barberry (Berberis koreana).


홍게

Chionoecetes japonicus, the beni-zuwai crab or red snow crab.


키다리게

The Japanese spider crab, Macrocheira kaempferi.


황련

Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis)
the rhizome of the Chinese goldthread


매발톱꽃

columbine (any of various flowering plants in the genus Aquilegia)


도미

A seabream, particularly the red seabream.


적색퉁돔

northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)


호랑이는 죽어서 가죽을 남기고 사람은 죽어서 이름을 남긴다

a person should focus on the legacy they will have on others


편집기

editor (program for modifying text files)


聲明書

hanja form of 성명서 (“a (public) statement, manifesto”)


공보

official bulletin, communiqué; public announcement


생이별

final/permanent parting or departure between loved ones (e.g. family members or lovers)


까치 두루마기

kkachi durumagi (a colorful overcoat traditionally worn by children on Lunar New Year's Day)


검은

realis adnominal of 검다 (geomda, “black”)


검은

topic-marked form of 검 (geom): see -은 (-eun)


왕관비둘기

Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)


멧비둘기

A turtle dove, specifically the oriental turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis).


솔딱새

dark-sided flycatcher (Muscicapa sibirica)


쇠솔딱새

Asian brown flycatcher (Muscicapa dauurica)


박새

A tit, especially the Japanese tit (Parus minor)


물꿩

pheasant-tailed jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus)


제비물떼새

oriental pratincole (Glareola maldivarum)


때까치

A shrike, specifically the bull-headed shrike.


다시마

kombu (Saccharina japonica, a kind of edible kelp)


정어리

In particular, Sardinops sagax, a Pacific sardine.


청어

herring, specifically the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii)


靑魚

hanja form of 청어 (“herring, Pacific herring”)


까막

black, dark, darkening
flickering, wavering, winking


까막까치밥나무

Ribes procumbens, the trailing redcurrant.


꼬리치레

Beijing babbler (Rhopophilus pekinensis)


개개비

a reed warbler, specifically the Oriental reed warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis).


-엇-

Pyongan, Hamgyong, Yukjin, Hwanghae, and uncommon Gyeongsang form of -었- (-eot-, past-tense suffix)


-앗-

Pyongan, Hamgyong, Yukjin, Hwanghae, and uncommon Gyeongsang form of -았- (-at-, yang-vowel form of -었- (-eot-, past-tense suffix))


어사

imperial censor; in dynastic East Asia, an official dispatched directly by the monarch to inspect whether the provincial magistrates were ruling justly and not being corrupt or extortive towards the people


꿀빨기새

honeyeater (any bird of the family Meliphagidae)


가시부리새

spinebill (bird of the genus Acanthorhynchus)


되강오리

little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis poggei)


-임

(the substantive form of -이다 (-ida, “to be (copula)”), i.e., "being)


되개고마리

red-tailed shrike (Lanius phoenicuroides)


붉은부리갈매기

black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)


-덜

pronunciation spelling of -들 (-deul, plural marker), representing Gyeongsang Korean

Chungcheong, Gangwon, and Jeolla dialect form of -들 (-deul, plural marker)


-디

Pyongan, Yukjin, and Russia form of -지 (-ji, “Suffix for contrasting two facts regarding the same topic, thereby emphasizing both facts.”)

Pyongan, Yukjin, and Russia form of -지 (-ji, “A general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than 어 in the intimate style”)


-레

suffix used after words ending with a vowel.


만이

In ancient China, indigenous tribes in what is now southern and eastern China

barbarian; uncivilized people (i.e. neither Chinese nor Korean)


만이

alternative spelling of 마니 (mani, “(ginseng-harvesters' cant) person”)


보학

genealogy; the study of genealogies and family trees


줄풀

Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia)


겨풀

A cutgrass, particularly Leersia sayanuka.


겨이삭

A bentgrass, specifically the species Agrostis clavata.


휘파람새

Manchurian bush warbler (Horornis canturians)


섬휘파람새

Japanese bush warbler (Horornis diphone)


호불호

disagreement on whether something is really good or really bad


실눈

half-shut eye; half-closed eye
thin, slant eye


까끄라기

awn, arista (beard of certain plants, like rice and wheat)


고동

mechanical warning sound, e.g. a foghorn (especially for cars, ships, etc.)

device which triggers a machine to start


고동

beating of the heart, especially loud
drumming and dancing


고동

alternative form of 골동(骨董) (goldong, “antique”)


호랑이 잡아먹는 담비

"a marten that hunts tigers"; a David before a Goliath


화두

head of a wildfire (the direction it is spreading the fastest in)


화두

synonym of 다리미 (darimi, “clothing iron”)


制球力

hanja form of 제구력 (“(baseball) pitcher's aim/control”)


숨구다

Gangwon and Gyeongsang form of 숨기다 (sumgida, “to hide, conceal”)


숨구다

Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Russia form of 심다 (simda, “to plant”)


산초

a variety of Sichuan pepper harvested from the mastic-leaf prickly ash


산초나무

The mastic-leaf prickly ash (Zanthoxylum schinifolium).


옻나무

Chinese lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)


덩굴옻나무

Asian poison ivy (Toxicodendron orientale)


수수꽃다리

Korean early lilac (Syringa oblata subsp. dilatata)


벚나무

A cherry tree, particularly Prunus jamasakura.


개살구나무

The Manchurian apricot tree, Prunus mandshurica.


결속

bond, union, unity, cohesiveness, solidarity


난데없이

out of the blue, out of thin air, all of a sudden


졸작

poor-quality work; subpar work (especially of a piece of writing)

my crude writing; used to humbly refer to one's own work


졸작

short for 졸업작품(卒業作品) (joreopjakpum, “graduation project, especially in art schools”)


통미봉남

being simultaneously diplomatic towards the United States and hostile towards South Korea


通美封南

hanja form of 통미봉남 (“(of North Korean diplomacy) being simultaneously diplomatic towards the United States and hostile towards South Korea”)


박태기나무

A redbud, specifically the Chinese redbud (Cercis chinensis).


깐부

pal, friend; teammate (in children's games)


즐비하다

to stand closely side by side; to pack, to teem


즐비

Root of 즐비하다 (jeulbihada, “to stand closely side by side; to be numerous”). Rarely used alone.


堂長

hanja form of 당장 (“the male servant in Seowon”)


釀蜜

hanja form of 양밀 (“(of honeybees) making honey”)


떡치다

to fuck, to shag, to hump
to fuck up, to screw
to be sufficient
to pound rice to make rice cake


문경

Mungyeong (a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea)


유자차

yuzu tea (a hot or cold beverage made by adding water to honey or sugar syrup contained slices of preserved yuzu citron)


구기차

wolfberry tea (an herbal tea made with the fruit of the Chinese boxthorn)


염주비둘기

Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto)


보릿고개

annual period of food shortage around May, when the autumn rice harvest (from last year) is nearly exhausted but the June barley harvest is not yet ready


麥嶺

hanja form of 맥령 (“synonym of 보릿고개 (boritgogae)”)


맥령

synonym of 보릿고개 (boritgogae, “(largely historical) annual period of food shortage around May, when the autumn rice harvest is nearly exhausted but the June barley harvest is not yet ready”).


벤호사

Gyeongsang, Hamgyong, and Pyongan form of 변호사 (byeonhosa, “lawyer”)


련속극

North Korea standard form of 연속극 (yeonsokgeuk, “TV series, soap opera”)


얼핑

Hamgyong form of 얼른 (eolleun, “quickly, at once”)


管路

hanja form of 관로 (“duct, pipe conduit, pipeline, piping”)


베어링

bearing, ball bearing (mechanical device)


방위

bearing (point of the compass), direction


거동

behavior, demeanor, setup, portance, bearing, conduct, manner, air, movement, comportment, carriage


뒤영벌

A bumblebee, specifically the common carder bee.


왕바다리

Polistes rothneyi, a species of paper wasp native to East Asia.


땅벌

Vespula flaviceps, a species of social wasp native to Japan and Korea.


팥꽃나무

The lilac daphne (Daphne genkwa), a shrub native to China whose flower buds and root and used in traditional Chinese medicine.


뽕나무

In particular, the white mulberry (Morus alba).


딱정그리마

A house centipede, Scutigera coleoptrata.


왕지네

Chinese red-headed centipede (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans)


맨드라미

cockscomb (Celosia argentea var. cristata, syn. Celosia cristata)


우두망찰

Root of 우두망찰하다 (udumangchalhada, “to be dumbfounded”). Rarely used alone.


염오

synonym of 번뇌(煩惱) (beonnoe, “(Buddhism) klesha, impure state of mind”).


누선

louchuan: multi-decked warship in historical East Asia


교교

Root of 교교하다 (gyogyohada). Rarely used alone.


교교하다

to be beautifully white and clear (especially of the Moon)


皎皎

hanja form of 교교 (“pure, white, and bright; very quiet”)


박명

twilight, dusk; faint light (at the break or end of day)


박명

being ill-fated (especially, dying early)


간부회

executive board, board of directors, presidium


라면 먹고 갈래

"Do you want to have instant noodle [at my place] before you leave?"; do you want to Netflix and chill?


육고기

meat (of mammals or birds, as opposed to fish)


峽灣

hanja form of 협만 (“fjord (long, narrow, deep inlet)”)


쏠배감펭

In particular, the Luna lionfish (Pterois lunulata).


노래미

A greenling of species Hexagrammos agrammus.


임연수어

Arabesque greenling (Pleurogrammus azonus)


조율

tuning (musical instrument)
mediation, arbitration


달고나

dalgona, a sweet made with sugar and baking soda


해월

the moon shining above the sea
jellyfish


유럽칠성말배꼽

European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis)


누가

nominative of 누 (nu, “who”)
nominative of 누구 (nugu, “who”)


카공족

someone who study at a café (usually for a long time)


탱화

"hanging-painting" (a characteristic type of Korean Buddhist visual art)


그을리다

to tan
to cover in soot; to make sooty
to be tanned; to be sunburnt
to be sooty


론

North Korea standard form of 논(論) (non, “to discuss”)


론

North Korea standard form of 논(論) (non, “argumentative essay written in Classical Chinese”)


론

a transliteration of the English male given name Ron


갱지

coarse, low-quality paper (most typically newsprint)


갱지

type of vacant land where one can freely build something and there are no private law restrictions on construction


오바마케어

ObamaCare (healthcare plan in the United States)


메디케어

Medicare (health insurance program in the United States)


오열

symptom in which a patient has fever and dislikes heat


오열

synonym of 제5열(第五列) (je'oyeol, “fifth column”)


수란

Root of 수란하다 (suranhada, “to be disoriented by grief or anxiety”) / 수란스럽다 (suranseureopda, “to be disorienting and saddening”). Rarely used alone.


日本書紀

hanja form of 일본서기 (“The Chronicles of Japan”)


골초

chain smoker, cigarette addict
low-quality tobacco


새가슴

choker; player who performs badly at important games


야부리

gibberish, nonsense, lie; talking shit
talk; conversation


근자감

short for 근거 없는 자신감 (geun'geo eomneun jasin'gam, “baseless confidence; confidence without any reason for it”)


충치

dental cavity; dental caries; rotten teeth


속수무책

being at a loss what to do; feeling helpless in the face of some difficulty


뒤꿈치

synonym of 발뒤꿈치 (baldwikkumchi)
heel as a part of shoes, socks
lowest level, stage


-을로다

contraction of 으리로다 (-euri-roda, future/prospective verbal suffix + exclamatory/emotive verbal suffix)


천렵

catching fish in a stream for fun (usually excludes fishing with rods, i.e. one actively goes into the water)


川獵

hanja form of 천렵 (“catching fish in a stream for fun”)


야옹

Used to imitate the sound of a cat meowing.


후루룩

suddenly fluttering to fly
slurping, gulping


래빈

North Korea standard form of 내빈 (naebin, “guest, visitor”)


두릅

young shoots of Aralia elata, often eaten in the spring


保管所

hanja form of 보관소 (“archive, depository”)


曲用

hanja form of 곡용 (“(grammar) declension”)


펜팔

pen pal (friend with whom one communicates using letters)


포장마차

canopied, covered food stand, booth like a bistro


계집질

debauchery, whoring, running after women


주색

alcohol and beautiful women; drinking and womanizing


주색잡기

wine, women and gambling; boozing, womanizing, and gambling


길차다

to be lush; to be long and thick (of plant growth)


ㅇㄴ

initialism of 안녕 (annyeong, “hi”)
initialism of 아니 (ani, “nah”)
initialism of 오노 (ono, “oh no”)
initialism of 아나 (ana, “d'oh”)


흩날리다

to scatter in the wind; to be scattered by the wind

to scatter in the wind; to cause to be scattered by the wind


집유령거미

cellar spider (Pholcus phalangioides), a small long-legged spider)


네덕

selfish, immature, and conceited fan or poster


청도

Qingdao (a major prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China)


采詩

hanja form of 채시 (“(historical) gathering folk songs from the people”)


흐트러트리다

to dishevel (hair)
to make untidy and disorderly


주노

Juneau (the capital city of Alaska, United States)


엉거주춤

squatting, stooping (often hesitantly)
hesitant, indecisive


바랭이

In particular, southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris).


참새피

crowngrass (any of various species in the genus Paspalum, especially Paspalum thunbergii)


톱날꽃게

An Asian species of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain.


피드백

feedback (critical assessment of a process or activity or of their results)

feedback (the part of an output signal that is looped back into the input to control or modify a system)


생키다

dialectal form of 삼키다 (samkida, “to swallow”)


앵커리지

Anchorage (the largest city in Alaska, United States)


몽고메리

Montgomery (the capital of Alabama, United States)


青丘

alternative form of 靑丘 (hanja form of 청구 (“(poetic, archaic) Korea”))


망나니

yahoo, thug, ruffian
headsman, executioner


白業

hanja form of 백업 (“(Buddhism) good deed”)


黑業

hanja form of 흑업 (“(Buddhism) bad deed, evil deed”)


개기장

Japanese panicgrass (Panicum bisulcatum)


낙수

leftover crops after the harvest; ears of grain fallen on the ground after the harvest

related episode, anecdote or backstory told after the main event


낙수

dripping water; trickling water (e.g. from rooftops or icicles)


낙수

the physically pleasurable (sukhā) type of sensation (vedanā)


굴러가다

to run, to function, to operate
to roll, to turn over and over


깜빡하다

to flicker, to waver
to blink
to forget, to leave behind


JMT

initialism of 존맛탱 (jonmat'taeng, “tasty AF”)


꿀맛

being delicious
the bee's knees
sugariness, i.e. honeyed, sugary taste


지루다

Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialect form of 기르다 (gireuda, “to grow, to nurture”)


헌사

dedication (e.g. in a book); dedicatory message


비자나무

The kaya or Japanese nutmeg (Torreya nucifera).


이팝나무

Chinese fringetree (Chionanthus retusus)


巫知唻

hanja form of 무지내 (“(Jeolla dialect) knowledgeable shaman”)


크리스트교

alternative form of 그리스도교 (geuriseudogyo)


삼나라

A mythical version of Korea featuring in the shamanic narrative of Princess Bari.


빠른 생일

birthday in January or February, which meant that students were in the same school grade with people a year older than them according to East Asian age reckoning


출판물

publication (issue of printed or other matter, offered for sale or distribution)


刊行物

hanja form of 간행물 (“publication, periodical”)


공표

official announcement, proclamation
publication


生産者

hanja form of 생산자 (“producer, manufacturer, maker”)


연잇다

to be consecutive; to follow one another consecutively


작동하다

to operate, to function, to run, to be on


失敗者

hanja form of 실패자 (“loser, (a social) failure, also-ran”)


밀회

closed/secret meeting
secret love affair


연애하다

to date, to court, to have a romantic relationship


련애

North Korea standard form of 연애 (yeonae, “dating, romantic relationship”)


련애하다

North Korea standard form of 연애하다 (yeonaehada, “to date, to court, to have a romantic relationship”)


륙군

North Korea standard form of 육군 (yukgun, “army”)


눈썰미

keen eye for learning; quick intuition; ability to learn something just by seeing it a few times


代理者

hanja form of 대리자 (“representative, agent, deputy”)


초롱꽃

A bellflower, particularly the spotted bellflower (Campanula punctata).


금강초롱꽃

The diamond bluebell (Hanabusaya asiatica), a flowering plant endemic to the mountains of east-central Korea.


초롱

A type of traditional hand lantern with a silk shade.


초롱

containers, buckets, bucketfulls (of liquid)


가는

present adnominal of 가다 (gada, “to go”): see -는 (-neun)


가는

present adnominal of 갈다 (galda, various senses): see -는 (-neun)


가는

realis adnominal of 가늘다 (ganeulda, “to be thin”): see -은 (-eun)


가는

topic-marked form of 가 (ga): see -은 (-eun)


파는

present adnominal of 파다 (pada, “to dig”): see -는 (-neun)


파는

present adnominal of 팔다 (palda, “to sell”): see -는 (-neun)


파는

topic-marked form of 파 (pa): see -은 (-eun)


사는

present adnominal of 사다 (sada, “to buy”): see -는 (-neun)


사는

present adnominal of 살다 (salda, “to live”): see -는 (-neun)


사는

topic-marked form of 사 (sa): see -은 (-eun)


청신

Root of 청신하다 (cheongsinhada, “to be refreshing”). Rarely used alone.


섬초롱꽃

Korean bellflower (Campanula takesimana)


차터

charter (a contract for the commercial leasing of a vessel)


汚辱

hanja form of 오욕 (“disgrace, humiliation”)


러닝셔츠

sleeveless undershirt, singlet, vest, tank top


비단 주머니

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 비단 (bidan), 주머니 (jumeoni) – silk pouch, brocade pouch


소곰

Southern Gyeongsang form of 소금 (sogeum, “salt”)


레토르트 식품

foodstuff that has undergone retort sterilization


통치자

ruler (a person exercising government or dominion)


-아-

Derives certain causative verbs, especially for stems ending in ㅣ (i). No longer productive.


無人航空機

hanja form of 무인항공기 (“drone (unmanned aerial vehicle, (UAV))”)


활개

stretched limbs, especially arms
stretched wings; open wings


대깨문

strong supporter of Moon Jae-in (governed 2017—2022)


성좌

constellation (formation of stars perceived as figure)


-려고

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으려고 (-euryeogo, “in order to”)


非常事態

hanja form of 비상사태 (“emergency, state of emergency (situation requiring urgent assistance)”)


독본

reader, reading book (an instructional book)


문선

anthology (collection of literary works)


산당화

A flowering quince, Chaenomeles speciosa.


복분자

bokbunja, the fruit of the Korean blackberry (Rubus coreanus)


메꽃

hedge bindweed, Rutland beauty (Calystegia sepium), a species of bindweed.


찢

short for 찢재명 (Jjit-jaemyeong, derogatory nickname for Lee Jae-myung)


문재앙

Moon Jae-in, South Korean president from 2017 to 2022


난제

dilemma, puzzle, a difficult problem, challenge


량서류

North Korea standard form of 양서류 (yangseoryu)


로선

North Korea standard form of 노선(路線) (noseon)


先取

hanja form of 선취 (“receiving something before others”)


가쓰오부시

katsuobushi (dried, fermented, and smoked skipjack tuna)


육상경기

alternative form of 육상 경기(陸上競技) (yuksang gyeonggi)


육상

short for 육상 경기(陸上競技) (yuksang gyeonggi, “track and field”)


영속

persistence, i.e. everlasting, perpetual, perennial continuity


공문서

official document, papers
archives, public records


요행

stroke of fortune; unexpected luck; lucky fluke


두문자

first letter or initial of a word or initials of words

capital letter (in Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Armenian scripts)


잠간

North Korea standard spelling of 잠깐 (jamkkan, “for a moment”)


잠간

North Korea standard spelling of 잠깐 (jamkkan, “moment”)


쾌변

defecation without difficulty; absence of constipation


브라

clipping of 브래지어 (beuraejieo, “brassiere”); a bra


硏究所

hanja form of 연구소 (“research institute”)


혼새

Chungcheong and Russia form of 혼사 (honsa, “marriage, married”)


튽

alternative form of 장 (jang, various senses); also used when the underlying hanja is not 長


롬곡

alternative form of 눈물 (nunmul, “tears”)


커엽다

alternative form of 귀엽다 (gwiyeopda, “(to be) cute; (to be) charming”)


인지상정

human nature; what is natural and normal in human relationships


개돼지

ignoramus; ignorant person; (especially) the ignorant masses

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 개 (gae), 돼지 (dwaeji): dogs and pigs


국경경비대

border guard (a national agency that enforces the security of the country's national borders)


로사

North Korea standard form of 노사(老師) (nosa, “an elderly monk; a sage; an elderly teacher or master”)


-든지

no matter which/what/where, whether... or..., -ever


토끼몰이

pushing up against the wall; driving back to the wall; driving into a difficult predicament


웃돈

cash used to make up the difference when bartering goods of unequal value


매물

article for sale; something offered for sale


賣物

hanja form of 매물 (“article for sale; something offered for sale”)


얼차려

punishment of a lower-ranking soldier, ostensibly to punish flagging morale but sometimes abusive (e.g. making them run laps)


-었는

synonym of -은 (-eun, past adnominal suffix for verbal stems; realis adnominal suffix for adjectival stems)


당나라 군대

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 당(唐)나라 (Dangnara), 군대(軍隊) (gundae): the army of the Tang dynasty


당나라

Tang dynasty (Chinese empire between 618 and 907)


유니스

a transliteration of the English female given name Eunice


머피

a transliteration of the English surname Murphy


크리스

a transliteration of the English unisex given name Chris


서라벌

Seorabeol, the capital of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla; modern Gyeongju


유약

Root of 유약하다 (yuyakhada). Rarely used alone.


彩度

hanja form of 채도 (“saturation of color; color intensity; chroma”)


도예가

potter (one who makes pots and ceramic wares)


아으

ugh; used to convey frustration or annoyance.


더치페이

going Dutch (to pay for one's own food and bills, or split the cost, when eating at a restaurant or going out for entertainment)


ㄱㄷ

text messaging spelling of 기다리다 (gidarida)


西部劇

hanja form of 서부극 (“western (film genre)”)


음역하다

to transliterate (to represent letters or words in the characters of another alphabet or script)


검스

abbreviation of 검은 스타킹 (geomeun seutaking, “black stocking”)


벗방

an online broadcast without wearing some or all clothes


ㄹ혜

Park Geun-hye (박근혜), former South Korean president (governed 2013–2017)


율운

alternative form of 공룡 (gongnyong, “dinosaur”)


곤운

alternative form of 공군 (gonggun, “air force”)


머가리

alternative form of 대가리 (daegari, “(derogatory) head”)


핀치

a transliteration of the English surname Finch


유래되다

to be originated (from); to originate (from)


극중

Root of 극중(極重)하다 (geukjunghada). Rarely used alone.


-하부라

even; expresses greater intensity than -도 (-do).


-더면

See -더- (-deo-, retrospective suffix) and -면 (-myeon, conditional suffix).


三次元

hanja form of 삼차원 (“three dimensions, three-dimensional”)


스칸디나비아

Scandinavia (a geographic region of Northern Europe, consisting of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden collectively and sometimes Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands)

Scandinavia (a peninsula in Northern Europe, consisting of Norway, Sweden and most of northern Finland; in full, Scandinavian Peninsula)


-둥이

-er; an agent suffix, especially used for a person who has a characteristic.


형데

Pyongan form of 형제(兄弟) (hyeongje, “brothers”)


-시리

Gyeongsang form of -스레 (-seure, adverbial form of -스럽다 (-seureopda))


-시리

Attached to nouns, especially single-character Sino-Korean morphemes, to make it part of Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant.


들창

A window which can be raised or propped open.


들창코

An upturned nose, a snub-nose.
A snub-nosed person.


캄차카

Kamchatka (a long peninsula forming part of Kamchatka Krai in the Far East of Russia, lying between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk)

Kamchatka (a krai and federal subject of Russia, in the Russian Far East)

Kamchatka (a river in Kamchatka Krai, Russia)


꾸드스

al-Quds, Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


한갓지다

to be tranquil; to be serene; to be calm and quiet with not many people (often of places)


내리

continuously; in a row; without a break (especially of time)


면면

various aspects; each and every aspect
various faces; each and every face


시큰

Root of 시큰하다 (sikeunhada, “(of joints) to ache”) / 시큰거리다 (sikeun'georida, “(of joints) to keep aching”) / 시큰대다 (sikeundaeda, “(of joints) to keep aching”) / 시큰시큰 (sikeunsikeun, “(of joints) achingly”). Rarely used alone.


허우대

build; figure (of a person, especially a tall or well-built man)


영험하다

alternative form of 영검하다 (yeonggeomhada)


홍살문

"red arrow gate", a red gate installed at the entrance of revered places


범례

introductory remarks, explanatory notes
legend (on a map or a chart)


차리차

tsarina, tsaritsa (empress or wife of a tsar)


수구여병

"protecting one's mouth like a bottle": keeping a secret


意中

hanja form of 의중 (“one's mind, one's heart, one's intention”)


의중

one's mind, one's heart, one's intention


물엿

syrup (variously corn syrup, malt syrup, etc.)


whyrano

What's going on? What's wrong? Why is it like this?


꽌시

connections (people with whom one is acquainted who can offer help and influence); guanxi (specifically in Chinese culture, a combination of business and personal relationships whereby parties enhance their ability to do business by building a bond with personal favors)


가라

synonym of 가야(伽倻) (Gaya, an ancient conglomeration of chiefdoms in southeastern Korea)


가라

cutting corners; lying or exaggerating to cut corners


가라

imperative of 가다 (gada). See 가다 (gada, “to go”) and -으라 (-eura, imperative ending).

imperative of 가다 (gada). See 가다 (gada, “to go”) and -어라 (-eora, imperative ending).


깔깔이

quilted coat (given to soldiers in winter)


秘匿

hanja form of 비닉 (“(military) concealment”)


kijul

alternative form of 기절 (gijeol, “fainting; loss of consciousness”)


미동

beautiful boy or young man (especially as the bottom in homosexual relationships)


방울새풀

A quaking grass, especially the lesser quaking-grass (Briza minor)


完投

hanja form of 완투 (“(baseball) complete game”)


폭주

runaway; moving out of control or as if out of control; reckless driving


쓰나미

tsunami (large, destructive wave generally caused by a tremendous disturbance in the ocean)


머구

alternative form of 대구 (Daegu, “Daegu (a city in South Korea)”)


머전

alternative form of 대전 (Daejeon, “Daejeon (a city in South Korea)”)


팡주

alternative form of 광주 (Gwangju, “Gwangju (a city in South Korea)”)


植民地化

hanja form of 식민지화 (“colonization/colonisation”)


찬반

support and opposition; approval and disapproval


贊反

hanja form of 찬반 (“support and opposition”)


소돔사과

apple of Sodom (mythical tree)
apple of Sodom (Calotropis procera)


노박덩굴

Asian bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)


참회나무

Korean spindle tree (Euonymus oxyphyllus)


회나무

flat-stalked spindle (Euonymus sachalinensis)


론단

North Korea standard form of 논단(論壇) (nondan, “forum, platform, tribune”)


론단

North Korea standard form of 논단(論斷) (nondan, “conclusion, verdict”)


漸漸漸

hanja form of 점점점 (“little by little by little, bit by bit by bit”)


장군풀

Rheum coreanum, a species of rhubarb native to North Korea which is used for medicinal purposes.


대황

rhubarb (any of several species in the genus Rheum, especially Rheum undulatum).


혈연

consanguinity, blood (family relationship due to birth)


돔발상어

A spurdog, especially the shortspine spurdog (Squalus mitsukurii).


환도상어

A thresher shark, especially the pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus).


귀상어

A hammerhead shark, especially the smooth hammerhead.


우럭볼락

Sebastes hubbsi, a species of marine rockfish found off the coasts of Korea.


비행사

pilot (person in charge of the controls of an aircraft)


서도

northwestern Korea (a region composed of two former provinces of Korea, Hwanghae and Pyeong'an)


사춘

dialectal form of 사촌(四寸) (sachon, “cousin, first cousin”)


내뚫다

to pierce, to penetrate, to perforate, to run or bore through, to shoot through, to cut through


하나회

the Hanahoe, a private group of military officers in the South Korean military who seized power through the Coup d'état of December Twelfth.


신군부

the Hanahoe after seizing power, a private group of military officers in the South Korean military who seized power through the Coup d'état of December Twelfth.


전라남북도

collective reference to North Jeolla and South Jeolla, historically part of the united Jeolla Province


-로서

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으로서 (-euroseo)


힝

Gyeongsang form of 형 (hyeong, “older brother of a male”)


스토리

story (account of events)
story (account of events)


新軍部

hanja form of 신군부 (“the Hanahoe after seizing power”)


잎갈나무

A larch, especially the Olga Bay larch (Larix olgensis).


이북5도

the five Korean provinces that are under de facto North Korean administration, namely North Hamgyeong, South Hamgyeong, Hwanghae, North Pyeongan and South Pyeongan


드링크

drink (served beverage, a soft drink or alcohol)


떡갈나무

Japanese emperor oak, daimyo oak (Quercus dentata)


모밀잣밤나무

a chinquapin, especially the Japanese chinquapin (Castanopsis cuspidata)


구실잣밤나무

Itajii chinkapin (Castanopsis sieboldii)


트란스니스트리아

Transnistria (a geographic region and de-facto independent but unrecognized country in Eastern Europe that claims statehood as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic; internationally considered an autonomous territorial unit within Moldova)


갈음이름씨

synonym of 대명사(代名詞) (daemyeongsa, “pronoun”)


사람갈음이름씨

synonym of 인칭대명사(人稱代名詞) (inchingdaemyeongsa, “personal pronoun”)


걸림갈음이름씨

synonym of 관계대명사(關係代名詞) (gwan'gyedaemyeongsa, “relative pronoun”)


졸인젖

synonym of 연유 (yeonyu, “condensed milk”)


똬리

ttwari, wase, a ring-shaped head pad for bearing loads.


두레

dure, a Korean farmers' cooperative.
a scoop used in irrigation
a round lump of tteok


돐

North Korea and Yanbian standard spelling of 돌 (dol, “anniversary”)


미섭다

dialectal form of 무섭다 (museopda, “scary, frightening”)


알갱이

grain, corn, pellet
synonym of 입자(粒子) (ipja, “corpuscule”)


띄우다

to fly (transitive), to launch, to set afloat


橫木

hanja form of 횡목 (“(horizontal, wooden) beam/bar, crossbar”)


횡목

sidelong glance, looking at someone sideways, looking out of the corner of one's eye


야릇하다

to be titillating; to be risqué (not as strong as 야하다 (yahada))


얄궂다

to be weird, strange, queer, eccentric, treacherous (in a bad way)


-붙이

a suffix meaning close relation to the subject


-ㅁ두

dialectal form of -ㅁ둥 (-mdung, “post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴둥”)


-슴두

dialectal form of -슴둥 (-seumdung, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) form of speech.”)


일제 강점기

Japanese occupation period of Korea from 1910 to 1945.


나룻

synonym of 수염 (suyeom, “moustache, beard, facial hair”)


메기다

to lead (f.e. in a song), to be leading
to put an arrow in a bow


적국

enemy state, enemy country (a hostile nation)


여위다

to get lean, to become thin, to become gaunt


풀그림

synonym of 프로그램 (peurogeuraem, “program”)


혼란스럽다

to be confused
to be chaotic, to be in disorder


-댓-

dialectal form of -었- (-eot-, “past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence”)


국가보안법

national security act; national security law


국가보안법

the National Security Act, a South Korean law that criminalizes support towards North Korea


軍事警察

hanja form of 군사경찰 (“military police; military policeman”)


바름감

a spreadable, pasteous thing like daub, mortar or paste


돟다

Pyongan form of 좋다 (jota, “to be good, great, nice”)


너리다

Chungcheong and Gyeongsang form of 내리다 (naerida, “to come down, to descend”)


-유

Chungcheong form of -요 (-yo, “A particle attached to intimate-style verbs and adjectives to form the polite style”)


만만하다

weak; easy to manipulate, easily giving in


거느리다

to take care of, to lead, to be in command, to command, to head


명창

master singer (usually of traditional songs, and especially pansori)


𮥷

alternative form of 離 (“hanja form of 리 (“to leave”)”)


곬

waterway, watercourse
direction
origin, source, cause


사물놀이

samullori, a modern form of traditional pungmullori featuring four traditional instruments


얼씨구

A traditional exclamation used to keep rhythm.


변또

bento, Japanese lunchbox
lunchbox (in general)


섬기다

to serve, to obey
to worship, to obey (God)


흡혈동물

haematophage, bloodsucker (animal that drinks the blood of others)


지낙

Hamgyong and Russia form of 저녁 (jeonyeok, “evening”)


영갬

dialectal, Russia, Gyeongsang, Seoul, and Jeolla dialect form of 영감 (yeonggam, “Old man, mister”)


망초

Erigeron canadensis (Canadian horseweed)


민망초

bitter fleabane, blue fleabane (Erigeron acer)


모하다

Gyeongsang form of 못하다 (mothada, “to be unable to do something”)


日帝強占期

hanja form of 일제 강점기 (“Japanese occupation period of Korea”)


절가지

Gangwon form of 젓가락 (jeotgarak, “chopsticks”)


먹기

verbal noun of 먹다 (meokda, “to eat”); eating


가껍다

Dialectal form of 가깝다 (gakkapda, “to be close; to be near”)


時計師

hanja form of 시계사 (“clockmaker, watchmaker”)


옴마이

Hwanghae form of 어머니 (eomeoni, “mother, mum”)


잰잘나비

Hwanghae form of 잠자리 (jamjari, “dragonfly”)


소리꾼

a singer, especially a singer of traditional Korean folk music such as pansori.


-으니까나

alternative form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “since, because, as”)


떠다

Russia form of 내리다 (naerida, “different”)


낭중

Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Seoul, and Gangwon form of 나중 (najung, “later”)


장냔

Seoul and Hwanghae form of 장난 (jangnan, “mischief, fun”)


홑

unpaired, one-layered, oneply, onefold
singular
simple


동백나무

Camellia, specifically the Camellia japonica


동백꽃

Camellia, more specifically the Camellia flower

the spicebush, more specifically the Japanese spicebush.


생강나무

spicebush, specifically the Lindera obtusiloba


창구

window, counter (an area to receive customers such as at a bank or post office)


국문

A country's script, the national script
hangul; the Korean alphabet


목포

Mokpo (a city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea)


앗다

to snatch, to rob, to claim, to take away


입음움직씨

synonym of 피동사(被動詞) (pidongsa, “passive verb”)


제힘움직씨

synonym of 능동사(能動詞) (neungdongsa, “active verb”)


하임움직씨

synonym of 사역동사(使役動詞) (sayeokdongsa, “causative verb”)


개사곡

song adapted from another by changing the lyrics


서독

West Germany (a former country in Central Europe, distinguished from the German Democratic Republic, commonly known as East Germany; official name: 독일연방공화국(獨逸聯邦共和國) (Dogiryeonbanggonghwaguk, “Federal Republic of Germany”))


동독

East Germany (a former Communist country of Central Europe, existing between 1949 and 1990)


貴婦人

hanja form of 귀부인 (“noblewoman, lady, dame”)


데거

Pyongan form of 저것 (jeogeot, “that, that thing”)


공영

public management
public, publicly owned


전자기파

electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic radiation


감투

a horsehair cap worn by officials
government post


드래건

standard form of 드래곤 (deuraegon, “dragon”)


나리다

dialectal form of 내리다 (naerida, “to come down, to descend”)


너려오다

Chungcheong form of 내려오다 (naeryeooda, “to come down, to descend”)


맛내기

synonym of 화학조미료(化學調味料) (“chemical seasoning, MSG”)


오라

a thick red cord used to bind thieves or criminals.


또래

peers (people of roughly the same age or, less commonly, level)


심들다

dialectal, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Seoul, Hamgyong, and Gangwon form of 힘들다 (himdeulda, “to be difficult, tired”)


廳舍

hanja form of 청사 (“government office; government building”)


졸망

Root of 졸망하다 (jolmanghada). Rarely used alone.


녹을 먹다

"to eat an official's salary": to serve as an official


어우르다

to put together, to unite, to combine, to connect, to join together


몰르다

colloquial and dialectal form of 모르다 (moreuda, “to be ignorant, to not know”)


-시까

Hwanghae form of 습니까 (seumnikka, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs”)


사서

the Four Books (Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism)


球威

hanja form of 구위 (“(baseball) pitching prowess”)


-지비

Hamgyong, Russia, and Yanbian form of -지 (-ji, “A general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than 어 in the intimate style”)


上院議員

hanja form of 상원의원 (“member of the upper house, senator”)


맏아바이

The husband of an aunt of both the mother's and father's side.


지레이

dialectal form of 지렁이 (jireong'i, “earthworm”)


下宿屋

hanja form of 하숙옥 (“lodging house, boarding house”)


배내

something connate, congenital, existing since birth


젙

dialectal form of 곁 (gyeot, “the vicinity or side of something”)


思想犯

hanja form of 사상범 (“political prisoner”)


기따가

dialectal form of 이따가 (ittaga, “later, a short while”)


사사오입

rounding to the closest number (0.4 being rounded down, 0.5 being rounded up); rounding off


사사오입

short for 사사오입 개헌 (sasaoip gaeheon, literally “rounding off constitutional amendment”); the 1954 incident where the Syngman Rhee administration attempted to justify a constitutional amendment with insufficient ayes through the concept of rounding off


읎다

dialectal form of 없다 (eopda, “to have none, to be lacking, nonexistent”)


동박꽃

the spicebush, more specifically the Japanese spicebush.


-버텀

Pyongan, Hwanghae, Hamgyong, and Gangwon form of -부터 (-buteo, “from, a particle used to denote when or where a certain action or even will occur, a particle used to illustrate an order of a series of actions.”)


잘그

Pyongan and Gangwon form of 자루 (jaru, “rug, sack”)


옇다

Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Gangwon, Hamgyong, Russia, and Hwanghae form of 넣다 (neota, “to put, include, insert”)


짜굽다

Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, and Hamgyong form of 짜다 (jjada, “to be salty, saline”)


문들레

Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Pyongan, Hamgyong, and Hwanghae form of 민들레 (mindeulle, “dandelion”)


지냑

Gangwon, Seoul, Hwanghae, and Chungcheong form of 저녁 (jeonyeok, “evening”)

Gangwon, Seoul, Hwanghae, and Chungcheong form of 저녁 (jeonyeok, “dinner”)


외잘머니

Hwanghae form of 외할머니 (oehalmeoni, “maternal grandmother”)


오잘머니

Seoul form of 외할머니 (oehalmeoni, “maternal grandmother”)


오자라버지

Seoul form of 외할아버지 (oeharabeoji, “maternal grandfather”)


소질

aptitude; knack; natural talent
innate quality; intrinsic quality


게냥

Hwanghae and Seoul form of 그냥 (geunyang, “simply, for no reason”)


미역감다

to bathe, to go swimming (in a river, etc.)


기냥

dialectal form of 그냥 (geunyang, “simply, for no reason”)


맹글다

synonym of 만들다 (mandeulda, “to make, establish”)


화랑

Hwarang (ancient Sillan warrior group of male youth)


판치라

an unexpected (intentional or accidental) exposure of a woman's panties


절대영역

exposed skin of the thigh between the hem of a miniskirt and thigh-high socks


도란스

a transformer for changing voltage in an electrical current


낭그

dialectal form of 나무 (namu, “trees, wood”)


비이다

dialectal form of 보이다 (boida, “to be seen, to show, to cause to see”)


-야요

dialectal form of -예요 (-yeyo, “suffix used after the copulas 이다 (ida) and 아니다 (anida)”)


기래

dialectal form of 그래 (geurae, “like this, that”)


기래

dialectal form of 그래 (geurae, “yea, really, so”)


무스거

dialectal form of 무엇 (mueot, “what, something, anything”)


-갯-

Hamgyong and Yukjin form of -겠- (-get-, “will, intend, probably”)


나마리

dialectal form of 나물 (namul, “edible plants, greens, herbs”)


꽂

Gyeongsang, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Russia form of 꽃 (kkot, “flower”)


아깨

Gangwon, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Russia form of 아까 (akka, “just then”)


쇄미

Gangwon, Pyongan, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Russia form of 수염 (suyeom, “beard”)


허다

nonstandard form of 하다 (hada, “to do, say, make, render, treat”)


즁국말

Yukjin form of 중국(中國)말 (junggungmal, “Chinese language, Mandarin”)


야든

dialectal form of 여든 (yeodeun, “eighty”)


파오차이

Chinese pickled vegetables (usually made from cabbage)


드릴

future adnominal of 드리다 (deurida, “(humble) to offer, to give”)


내란

insurrection; rebellion (offence under criminal legislation of several East Asian countries)


타산지석

trait, typically seemingly minor or negative, of another person or group which can nonetheless serve as a lesson for oneself


꽃사과나무

Japanese flowering crabapple (Malus floribunda)


능금나무

Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica)


수식

mathematical expression, numerical formula


이중

being duplicate; being double; there being two (of something)


착저

bottoming of a submarine (staying at the bottom of the sea to avoid detection)


교하질쉬

"scolding the village head under the bridge": complaining behind someone's back


마카

Gangwon and Gyeongsang form of 모두 (modu, “all, wholly, altogether”)


자꼬

Gangwon, Jeolla dialect, and Gyeongsang form of 자꾸 (jakku, “repeatedly, incessantly”)


남선

South Korea, the southern regions of Korea


동상

Gangwon, Seoul, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, and Yanbian form of 동생(同生) (dongsaeng, “younger siblings”)


가꾸로

alternative form of 거꾸로 (geokkuro, “upside down, inside out, backward”)


갤치다

Jeolla dialect and Gyeongsang form of 가르치다 (gareuchida, “to teach”)


비개

Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, and Chungcheong form of 베개 (begae, “pillow”)


송치

Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, and Seoul form of 송아지 (song'aji, “calf”)


-모

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으모 (-eumo, “(dialect) if, when”)


야라

Yukjin form of 여러 (yeoreo, “several, various”)


님재

Pyongan form of 임자 (imja, “owner, honey”)


-맨

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으맨 (-eumaen, “(dialectal) if, when”)


-수다

a politeness-adding particle in the intimate style of speech.


니저삐리다

Pyongan form of 잊어버리다 (ijeobeorida, “to forget”)


짐성

dialectal form of 짐승 (jimseung, “beast, animal”)


승겁다

Pyongan, Gangwon, and Hamgyong form of 싱겁다 (singgeopda, “to be bland, not salty”)


잔잘나비

Hwanghae form of 잠자리 (jamjari, “dragonfly”)


갱굴

Chungcheong, Hwanghae, and Seoul form of 개울 (gae'ul, “brook”)


도미노

domino (a block use in the game of dominoes)


견융

the Quanrong (ethnic group active in the northwestern part of China during the Zhou dynasty)


연정

love, affection; romantic feelings, crush


연인

one's love; lover; boyfriend or girlfriend


서자

child of a concubine
illegitimate child, bastard


천안문당하다

to have the existence removed and leave no trace of something/someone (usually done by someone who has an authority)


건너뛰다

to jump over
to skip over (an item in a list)


고려 사람

ethnic Korean from the former Soviet Union


리허설

rehearsal (practicing of performance to test or improve it)


저는

topic-marked form of 저 (jeo): see -은 (-eun)


저는

present adnominal of 절다 (jeolda, “to limp, to hobble”): see -는 (-neun)


ㄷ 구개음화

palatalization of alveolar consonants to alveolopalatal consonants (e.g. 둏다 (dyota) → 좋다 (jota))


ㄱ 구개음화

palatalization of velar consonants to alveolopalatal consonants (e.g. 기름 (gireum) → 지름 (jireum))


모아쓰기

joining consonants and vowels to form a syllabic block in writing


영성모

zero initial of a syllable (in Chinese-language context)


마라탕

malatang (hot, spicy soup of meat and vegetables, commonly eaten as a street food in China)


초강대국

superpower (a sovereign state with dominant status on the globe and a very advanced military, especially the United States or formerly the Soviet Union)


洪吉童

hanja form of 홍길동 (“a generic placeholder name in legal documents”)


리치

North Korea standard form of 이치 (ichi, “reason, logic”)


리치

North Korea standard form of 이치 (ichi, “administration”)


능소화

Campsis grandiflora (Chinese trumpet vine) or its flower


미국나팔꽃

Ipomoea hederacea (ivy-leaved morning glory).


자질

nature, credentials, qualifications of a person


-어야지

The suffix often implies "one should / must / has to ...", and can be used for both self-talk (determination) or to gently criticize someone else


너희들

you all, you people, you folks, you guys


미들네임

middle name (a name between the first given name and the family name or surname; a second or subsequent given name)


악구

phrase (a small section of music in a larger piece)


목도

synonym of 목격(目擊) (mokgyeok, “witnessing”)


목도하다

synonym of 목격(目擊)하다 (mokgyeokhada, “(transitive) to witness”)


고다

to stew (to simmer slowly); to boil down


과하다

to levy (a fine or tax); to lay, to impose (a restriction, an obligation, etc.)


과하다

to impose (a sentence, penalty, or punishment)


천길만길

a great drop, depth, or height
a long distance


진종일

synonym of 온종일 (onjong'il, “the whole day”)


진종일

synonym of 온종일 (onjong'il, “all day (long)”)


인의 장막

close aides and advisors who render a person oblivious to reality or different opinions (e.g. by falsely conveying popular sentiment so as not to upset their superior and jeopardize their privileged position as aide or advisor)


인의 장벽

synonym of 인의 장막 (in-ui jangmak, “all senses”)


차애

second bias (second favorite member of the idol group)


-을 텐데

Expresses expectation, assumption, or regret/contrast


탁월

Root of 탁월하다 (tagwolhada). Rarely used alone.


겹받침

a heterogeneous consonant diagraph used in the final position of a hangul syllabic block (e.g. ㄶ (nh) in 않다 (anta))


쌍받침

a homogeneous consonant diagraph used in the final position of a hangul syllabic block (e.g. ㅆ (ss) in 있다 (itda))


처먹다

vulgar form of 먹다 (meokda, “all definitions”)


뇌졸중

stroke (the loss of brain function arising when the blood supply to the brain is suddenly interrupted)


입단

joining / entering an organization (e.g. a sports team)


구간

section, segment (of a road, track, etc.)


앵글로색슨인

Anglo-Saxon (member of the Germanic peoples who settled in England during the early fifth century; person of English ethnic descent)


여미다

to adjust, to straighten (a dress, a collar, etc.)


눈꿩

snowcock (bird in the genus Tetraogallus)


地境

hanja form of 지경 (“(land) border, boundary”)


무에진

muezzin (the person who issues the call to prayer from one of the minarets of a mosque)


생략

omission, deletion
abbreviation, shortening


축약

contraction (condensation; shortening)
abbreviation


리스크

risk (possible, usually negative, outcome)


고소

Root of 고소하다 (gosohada, “to be fragrant or tasty as sesame oil”). Rarely used alone.


-호

See the entry at 호(號) (ho, “number; name”)


구수하다

to be savoury or tasty as soybean paste stew or scorched rice


지루

Root of 지루하다 (jiruhada, “to be boring, tedious, dull”). Rarely used alone.


회고

reminiscence; reflection (on past events); retrospection


오인하다

to mistake; to recognize one thing or person for another


自作自演

hanja form of 자작자연 (“directing (a show) and acting by oneself; staging (a farce) all by oneself”)


미얀마재비

misspelling of 버마재비 (beomajaebi, “mantis”)


우크라

short for 우크라이나 (Ukeuraina, “Ukraine (a country in Europe)”)


자작자연

directing (a show) and acting by oneself


왕위

the throne, the crown, the title of the emperor


스페이스

space (a piece of type used to separate words)

an interglyph space (space between glyphs)


전대

money belt (belt-shaped bag that can be filled with money and worn around the waist or shoulder)


독하다

to be noxious; to be poisonous
to be strong
to be vicious
to be firm, to be resolute


草具

hanja form of 초구 (“coarse and poor-quality food; coarse fare; poor victuals”)


펀치

a punch (a hit or a strike with one's fist)

a punch (device for creating holes in thin material)


하리코프

Kharkiv, Kharkov (an oblast in eastern Ukraine)


노도

pellet drum of Chinese origin, used in Confucian ritual music


겐마이차

genmaicha (Japanese green tea mixed with brown rice)


현미녹차

hyeonmi nokcha (Korean green tea mixed with brown rice)


원샷

bottoms up! (an exhortation for drinkers to empty their glasses in one go)


종북

South Korean citizen who is friendly towards North Korea


주령구

14-sided die from the Silla period inscribed with commands for a drinking game


명승고적

places of historic interest and scenic beauty; historical sites and scenic spots


물수건

steaming towel used to clean the hands before eating at restaurants


심판

judgement
referee; umpire
Judgement (Tarot card)


까나리

A sand lance, particularly the Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus).


여물다

to ripe, to become ripen, to mature
to mature; to become stronger
to finish, to get done; to end


여물다

(to be) astute, shrewd
(to be) frugal, thrifty, unwasteful


총회

general assembly, general meeting, plenum


여섯고을말

Yukjin dialect, the Korean dialect spoken in the historic Yukjin region of northeastern Korea.


다분

to be full of, highly likely, very strong possibility of something


삼일

3-1 (abbreviation of March 1, referring to the Samil movement of March 1, 1919, for Korean independence).


약협

shell (cartridge of a breechloading firearm)


문한

writing, literary art
writer, literary person


문한

curfew (the time when such restriction begins)


구절판

the octagonal compartmented dishware used for gujeolpan


변한말

word that has undergone significant sound change


뼈해장국

spicy beef and bone stew for relieving hangovers


하기

informal non-polite verbal noun of 하다 (hada)


잔원

Root of 잔원하다 (janwonhada). Rarely used alone.


별유천지

being of or showing another level of scenery


호열자

synonym of 콜레라 (kollera, “(medicine) cholera”)


옥편

Chinese character dictionary
dictionary (of any language)


사시나무

an aspen, especially the Korean aspen (Populus davidiana)


버릇하다

to be in the habit of; to be accustomed to


PC통신

nationwide computer networks that preceded the World Wide Web/Internet, with Telnet-based dial-up connections and bulletin board messaging systems


矮性

hanja form of 왜성 (“dwarfism; miniature”)


적연하다

to be quiet; to be tranquil; to be forlorn


적연

Root of 적연하다 (jeogyeonhada, “to be quiet; to be tranquil”) / 적연히 (jeogyeonhi, “tranquilly, quietly”). Rarely used alone.


가당하다

fair, right, just, equitable, proper, suitable


원전

abbreviation of 원자력발전소(原子力發電所) (wonjaryeokbaljeonso, “nuclear power plant”)


동맹국

ally (a nation united to another by treaty or league)


양지꽃

cinquefoil, particularly the native East Asian species Potentilla fragarioides.


갈기다

to hit, to slap, to slash, to strike, to thrash; to lash, to whip

to urinate or defecate (somewhere inappropriate)


올백

getting a perfect score on a series of tests (e.g. in one's midterms or finals)


딸배

someone who delivers food on a motorcycle, especially said of those who do not abide by traffic laws and drive aggressively


각혈

spitting blood; coughing up blood; haemoptysis


각혈하다

to spit blood; to cough up blood; to have haemoptysis


객혈

synonym of 각혈(咯血) (gakhyeol, “(medicine) spitting blood; coughing up blood; haemoptysis”)


객혈하다

synonym of 각혈(咯血)하다 (gakhyeolhada, “(intransitive, medicine) to spit blood; to cough up blood; to have haemoptysis”)


테프

North Korea form of 테이프 (teipeu, “tape (storage medium)”)


상호확실파괴

synonym of 상호확증파괴(相互確證破壞) (sanghohwakjeungpagoe, “mutual assured destruction”)


독촉

urging, pushing, pressing (e.g. for debt)


독촉하다

to urge, to push, to press (e.g. for debt)


개창

Root of 개창하다 (gaechanghada). Rarely used alone.


기주떡

Korean traditional rice cake with makgeolli, eaten during summertime; but rare nowadays


경복궁

Gyeongbokgung (main royal palace of the Joseon dynasty)


이대남

a South Korean young man, usually in his twenties, holding negative sentiment against feminism


단란

Root of 단란하다 (dallanhada). Rarely used alone.


조팝나무

A spirea, especially the bridalwreath spirea (Spiraea prunifolia).


감탕나무

A holly, in particular the elegance female holly or mochi tree (Ilex integra).


재깍

Conveys a quiet or subtle clicking noise (e.g. ticking of a clock)

cracking or lightly bumping into each other

short for 재까닥 (jaekkadak, “quickly; at once; with dispatch”)


째깍

Conveys a clear or obvious clicking noise (e.g. ticking of a clock)

short for 째까닥 (jjaekkadak, “very quickly; immediately”)


제꺽

Conveys a clunky clicking noise (e.g. ticking of a clock)

short for 제꺼덕 (jekkeodeok, “quickly, at once, with dispatch (especially done in a single move)”)


째까닥

very quickly; immediately
snapping or bumping into each other


제꺼덕

quickly, at once, with dispatch (especially done in a single move)


쩨꺽

Conveys a loud clunky clicking noise (e.g. ticking of a clock)

short for 쩨꺼덕 (jjekkeodeok, “very quickly, immediately (especially done in a single move)”)


쩨꺼덕

very quickly, immediately (especially done in a single move)


희붐하다

to be faintly bright just before daybreak


환시

vision (something imaginary)
hallucination


탄약

ammunition (articles used in charging firearms and ordnance of all kinds)


지극

Root of 지극하다 (jigeukhada) / 지극히 (jigeukhi). Rarely used alone.


定刻

hanja form of 정각 (“on time; on schedule”)


사르다

to burn (destroy)
to make / light (a fire)
to devote


국궁

traditional Korean archery (as opposed to 양궁(洋弓) (yanggung, “(Western) archery”))


조종하다

to operate, to drive, to fly, to pilot
to manipulate, control


⿰扌幸

alternative form of 擤 (“hanja form of 형 (“to blow one's nose”)”)


人海戰術

hanja form of 인해전술 (“human wave attack”)


장구

janggu (a double-headed hourglass drum played with two sticks, used in traditional Korean music)


치과

dentistry
a dentist's office; a dental clinic


롤리

[~시(市)] Raleigh (the capital city of North Carolina, United States)


간절기

transitional period between seasons, especially from winter to spring and from summer to autumn (e.g. early September, between summer and autumn)


구완

nursing a patient; caring for someone sick


중정

the golden mean; being impartial and unbiased

impartial judge (in Imperial China, a local dignitary charged with ranking potential candidates for public service)

low-ranking clerical post in the Donghak religion of the late nineteenth century, tasked with arbitrating disputes between believers


중정

short for 중앙정보부 (中央情報部) (jung'angjeongbobu, “KCIA”)


솔다

limited in space:
limited in space:
to be narrow


솔다

to harden; to dry up
to harden; to dry up
to harden; to dry up


패모

A fritillary, in particular the species Fritillaria ussuriensis.


밀고기

seitan (meat substitute made from wheat gluten)


안경돌고래

spectacled porpoise (Phocaena dioptrica)


차일피일

procrastinating; delaying (as if saying that one will get around to it on “this day or that”)


얼라

Gyeongsang form of 어린아이 (eorinai, “child”)


일간신문

daily (a newspaper that is published every day)


충북

short for 충청북도 (Chungcheongbukdo, “North Chungcheong Province”)


충남

short for 충청남도 (Chungcheongnamdo, “South Chungcheong Province”)


전북

short for 전라북도 (Jeollabukdo, “North Jeolla Province”)


전남

short for 전라남도 (Jeollanamdo, “South Jeolla Province”)


경북

short for 경상북도 (Gyeongsangbukdo, “North Gyeongsang Province”)


경남

short for 경상남도 (Gyeongsangnamdo, “South Gyeongsang Province”)


예나 지금이나

whether in old times or nowadays; used when a state or quality in the past has not been changed and still remains today


온주

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


온주

short for 온타리오 주(州) (Ontario ju, “Ontario (a province of Canada)”)


간수

bittern (salt water used to coagulate tofu)


民間人

hanja form of 민간인 (“civilian (non-military person)”)


주지

being generally known; especially in the collocation 주지의 사실 (juji-ui sasil, “well-known fact; common knowledge”).


산적

brigand; bandit (who is based in the mountains)


산적

sanjeok, a skewer dish with meat and other ingredients


부사령관

deputy commanding officer, deputy commander


副司令官

hanja form of 부사령관 (“deputy commanding officer, deputy commander”)


조종

death knell, the ringing of a bell to announce a death


채도

saturation of color; color intensity; chroma


둥굴레

scented Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum)


㭅

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
cedar trees (in general)
board attached to the bottom of a boat


㭆

nama (나마, 奈麻) – the eleventh (11th) rank in the class system of the ancient Silla dynasty


㭗

alternative form of 鬱 (“stuffy; suffocating”)


㮽

connect, link, join
stop and don't move on
joyful, pleasant


㯑

trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata)
supporting tree


추호

something very small (especially in the construction 추호도 없다 (chuho-do eopda, “to not have the slightest...”))


신령

divine bell, a bell that rings when a god descends during a 굿


六大洲

hanja form of 육대주 (“the six continents”)


뒤끝

end; ending
after something happens
lingering dissatisfaction


鎭壓

hanja form of 진압 (“suppression, repression”)


믹이다

Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, and Russia form of 먹이다 (meogida, “to feed”)


掠奪者

hanja form of 약탈자 (“(South Korea) marauder, looter, plunderer”)


掠奪者

hanja form of 략탈자 (“(North Korea) marauder, looter, plunderer”)


그륵

Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Gangwon, and Chungcheong form of 그릇 (geureut, “bowl, vessel”)


大虐殺

hanja form of 대학살 (“massacre; genocide, holocaust”)


中國共産黨

hanja form of 중국공산당 (“Communist Party of China”)


구어체

colloquial style, colloquialism, conversational form of language


쬧기다

Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, and Seoul form of 쫓기다 (jjotgida, “to be chased after”)


잔차

Gangwon form of 잔치 (janchi, “feast, party”)


션하다

dialectal form of 시원하다 (siwonhada, “to be cool, refreshing”)


인민폐

renminbi (the currency in mainland China)


외잘만

Hwanghae form of 외할머니 (oehalmeoni, “maternal grandmother”)


심구다

Gangwon, Seoul, Chungcheong, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Russia form of 심다 (simda, “to plant”)


술게

Russia form of 수레 (sure, “cart, carriage, wheelbarrow”)


더럼

[~시(市)] Durham (a large city, the county seat of Durham County, North Carolina, United States)

[~군(郡)] Durham County (a county of North Carolina, United States)

[~시(市)] Durham (a city, the county town of County Durham, United Kingdom)

[~주(州)] County Durham (a county in the Northeast of England)


샬럿

[~시(市)] Charlotte (the largest city, the county seat of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States)


협착

Root of 협착하다 (hyeopchakhada, “to be narrow; to be cramped”). Rarely used alone.


누키다

dialectal form of 눕히다 (nuphida, “to lie someone down (on the back)”)


-니껴

dialectal form of -ㅂ니까 (-mnikka, “post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of 습니까”)


엎디리다

Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Jeolla dialect, and Chungcheong form of 엎드리다 (eopdeurida, “to lie face down”)


멸망하다

to die, to be destroyed, to perish
to die out, to become extinct


오스틴

[~시(市)] Austin (The capital city of Texas, USA and the county seat of Travis County)


휴스턴

[~시(市)] Houston (The largest city in Texas, USA and the county seat of Harris County)


닉다

Pyongan and Hwanghae form of 익다 (ikda, “to ripen”)


-더랫-

dialectal form of -었- (-eot-, “past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence”)


특색

special characteristic, distinguishing feature


大量虐殺

hanja form of 대량학살 (“massacre, genocide”)


아매

dialectal form of 아마 (ama, “perhaps, maybe”)


달갈

dialectal form of 달걀 (dalgyal, “chicken egg”)


識字憂患

hanja form of 식자우환 (“misery brought by literacy”)


식자우환

misery brought by literacy; ignorance is bliss


-ㅁ까

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴까 (-seumkka, formal polite interrogative suffix)


오새없다

to be immature, foolish, lack common sense


비섯하다

Gyeongsang and Gangwon form of 비슷하다 (biseuthada, “to be similar”)


米帝

hanja form of 미제 (“American imperialism”)


가우

dialectal form of 가위 (gawi, “nightmare”)


-ㄴ께

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으니께 (-eunikke)


사구다

Gangwon and Jeolla dialect form of 사귀다 (sagwida, “to go out with, make a friend”)


디디기

Gyeongsang form of 두더지 (dudeoji, “mole”)


가새다

Gyeongsang form of 가시다 (gasida, “to rinse with water”)


타륜

helm, steering wheel (usually of a boat or ship)


電波探知機

hanja form of 전파 탐지기 (“radar, radio detection and location, RADAL”)


재포

Zainichi Koreans, particularly repatriates who moved to North Korea from Japan.


성균관

Sungkyunkwan (Korea's highest institute of learning during the late Goryeo and Joseon dynasties)


잼기다

Hamgyong and Pyongan form of 잠기다 (jamgida, “to sink, be submerged”)


비슥하다

dialectal form of 비슷하다 (biseuthada, “to be similar”)


시굴

Seoul, Chungcheong, Pyongan, and Yukjin form of 시골 (sigol, “countryside”)


네기

Pyongan and Hwanghae form of 이야기 (iyagi, “story, talk, tale”)


정당하다

to be right, just, legitimate, lawful, proper


전디다

Gyeongsang form of 견디다 (gyeondida, “to endure”)


호랭이

dialectal form of 호랑이 (horang'i, “tiger”)


-는교

Interrogative suffix in the 하소체 (hasoche) style of speech.


銀行券

hanja form of 은행권 (“banknote, paper money”)


펜타곤

the Pentagon (the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense)


굿거리장단

leisurely 4/4 rhythm used in pungmullori


하계

the human world; the world of mortals
lower bound


구유고슬라비아 마케도니아 공화국

former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (former long form of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula; used in diplomatic circles before the 2019 agreement that produced the name North Macedonia due to the naming dispute with Greece over the former name of the country, Macedonia)


-는디

dialectal form of -는데 (-neunde, “since; used to convey relevant circumstances surrounding an explanation, suggestion, etc.”)


-는디

Pyongan form of -는지 (-neunji, “indirect question marker: if, what, where, etc.”)


사램

Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Gangwon, and Yukjin form of 사람 (saram, “human, person”)


저짝

dialectal form of 저쪽 (jeojjok, “over there”)


데게

Pyongan and Yukjin form of 저거 (jeogeo, “that thing”)


해다

nonstandard form of 하다 (hada, “to do, say, make, render, treat”)


비범

Root of 비범하다 (bibeomhada, “extraordinary”). Rarely used alone.


트뤼도

a transliteration of the French surname Trudeau


마크롱

a transliteration of the French surname Macron


저대

North Korea standard spelling of 젓대 (jeotdae); in North Korea, the jeotdae has been diversified into the soprano, alto, and bass jeotdae.


저대

Root of 저대하다 (jeodaehada). Rarely used alone.


대금

daegeum (traditional Korean wind instrument)


젓대

daegeum, traditional Korean wind instrument


副士官

hanja form of 부사관 (“non-commissioned officer”)


-느

alternative form of -는 (-neun, “post vowel allomorph of -은 (-eun)”)


-민서

Post-vowel allomorphic of -으민서 (-euminseo) form of -으민서 (-euminseo)


시안하다

dialectal form of 희한하다 (huihanhada, “to be rare, unusual”)


돈주

nouveau riche, the new money of North Korea.


독일 민주 공화국

German Democratic Republic (official name of East Germany (from 1947 through reunification in 1990): a former country in Central Europe)


독일 연방 공화국

Federal Republic of Germany (official name of West Germany: a former country in Central Europe)

Federal Republic of Germany (official name of Germany: a country in Central Europe, reunified with the former East Germany)


시동

starting up (a computer, machine, engine, etc.)


-으꾸마

the declarative suffix in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


영사하다

to lose face, to be ashamed, to be embarrassed


-슴까

dialectal form of -습니까 (-seumnikka, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs”)


동숭

Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialect form of 동생 (dongsaeng, “younger siblings”)


무셥다

dialectal form of 무섭다 (museopda, “scary, frightening”)


위안

yuan (unit of renminbi, Chinese currency)


탱커

tanker (a tank ship, a vessel used to transport large quantities of liquid)


잡내

assorted unpleasant odors
gamey smell, often of meat