ma

used to stress single words, especially the predicate of nominal clauses


ana

to, toward, onto
for
within
for, in order to, in favor of


Marduk

Marduk (chief god of Babylon, later king of the gods)


eli

on, above, over, upon
towards
against
beyond, more than


umma

introduces direct and indirect speech (thus, saying, as follows, etc.)


ula

Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, and Old Babylonian form of ul (“not”)


ina

in, on, onto
on, at
during
among
from, out of
with, by means of
of, out of, with
because of, as a result of
so long as


𒊕

Sumerogram of qaqqadum (“head, top, person”)

Sumerogram of rēšum (“head, top, slave”)


𒂗

Sumerogram of bēlum (“lord, owner”)
Sumerogram of ēnum (“lord”)


𒈗

Sumerogram of šarrum (“king”)
Sumerogram of rubûm (“king, ruler”)


𒀸

Sumerogram of aplum (“heir”)
Sumerogram of nadānum (“to give”)
Sumerogram of šēpum (“foot”)


𒃲

Sumerogram of ribbatum/rabbatum (“arrears”)


𒋰

Sumerogram of edēlum (“to shut, lock”)
Sumerogram of eṣēpum (“to double”)
Sumerogram of ḫamāṭum (“to burn”)
Sumerogram of ḫimṭum (“burning; fever”)


𒁳

Sumerogram of bâ'um (“to walk along”)
Sumerogram of etēqum (“to go past”)
Sumerogram of kullum (“to hold”)


lā

no, not (in subordinate or conditional clauses)


lū

or
be it, may it be (precative particle)
indeed, certainly, verily


atti

you, thou (second-person feminine singular personal pronoun, nominative case)


atta

you, thou (second-person masculine singular personal pronoun, nominative case)


𒋻

Sumerogram of parāsum (“to cut; to decide”)


𒍣

Sumerogram of nasāḫum (“to remove, take away”)


𒌵

Sumerogram of Akkade (“Akkad”)
Sumerogram of Akkadûm (“Akkadian”)
Sumerogram of Urarṭu (“Urartu”)


𒌉

Sumerogram of ṣeḫērum (“to be small, young”)


𒈬

Sumerogram of zakārum (“to name, to mention”).

Sumerogram of zikrum (“utterance, mention”).

Akkadogram of aššum (“concerning, on account of”)


𒌓

Sumerogram for šamšum
Sumerogram for ūmum


𒅊

Sumerogram of warāqum (“to be green, yellow”)


𒋠

Sumerogram of šārtum (“hair”)
Sumerogram of šīpātum (“wool”)


𒄾

Sumerogram of ḫadûm (“to rejoice, be happy”)


𒄞

Sumerogram of alpum (“ox, bull”)
Sumerogram of lûm (“bull”)


𒌨𒈤

Sumerogram of urmaḫḫum (“lion”)
Sumerogram of nēšum (“lion”)


𒅆𒂍𒉪

Sumerogram of ziqqurratum (“temple tower”)


𒁲

Sumerogram of šanānum (“to equal, rival”)


𒁲

Sumerogram of šalāmum (“to be healthy, intact”)

Sumerogram of šulmum (“completeness; well-being”)

Sumerogram of salāmum (“to be at peace”)


𒅆

Sumerogram of maḫārum (“to receive; to face, confront”)


𒍩

Sumerogram of kiššātum (“emmer”)
Sumerogram of kunāšum (“emmer”)


𒆠

Sumerogram of itti (“with (someone)”, literally “at (someone)'s place”)

Sumerogram of qaqqarum (“earth, territory”)


𒁺

Sumerogram of išdum (“base, foundation”)


𒁺

Sumerogram of kânum (“to be firm, true”)


𒀭

Sumerogram of elûm (“upper”)
Sumerogram of elûm (“tall, high”)
Sumerogram of šamû (“sky”)
Sumerogram of šamûm (“rain”)
Sumerogram of Ānum


𒀭

Sumerogram of ilum (“god”)
Sumerogram of iltum (“goddess”)


𒊺

Sumerogram of ûm (“grain, barley”)
Sumerogram of še'um (“grain, barley”)


𒌗

Sumerogram of warḫum (“month, new moon”)


𒀳

Sumerogram of erēšum (“to sow, cultivate”)


idin

second-person singular masculine imperative of nadānum


𒄷𒄭

Sumerogram of da'mum (“dark-coloured, dark red”)

Sumerogram of parādum (“to be scared, fearful”)


𒄑

Sumerogram of iṣum (“tree; wood”)
Akkadogram of našûm (“to lift, carry”)


𒅴

Sumerogram of lišānum (“tongue, language”)


𒀉

Sumerogram of idum (“arm; strength; purpose”)


𒁮

Sumerogram of aššatum (“wife”)
Sumerogram of mutum (“husband”)


𒈪

Sumerogram of mūšum (“night”)
Sumerogram of mušītum (“night”)


barbarum

the name of one of the twelve stars of Enlil


adi

up to, as far as
until, within
times, -fold


šina

those, these same (aforementioned feminine plural noun)


𒌋𒅗

Sumerogram of eli (“on, above”)
Sumerogram of muḫḫum (“skull, pate”)
Sumerogram of qaqqadum (“head”)


𒂷𒆪

Cuneiform spelling of malku (“king, prince”)


-atum

Suffix used to form feminine adjectives from masculine adjectives.

Suffix used to form feminine nouns from masculine nouns referring to people.


aptum

window, window opening
opening of the ear


𒀝

Sumerogram of epēšum (“to do, act; to make, build”)


𒄿

Sumerogram of nâdum (“to praise, celebrate”)

Sumerogram of nâqum (“to cry out, wail”)


𒉏

Sumerogram of elûm (“upper”)
Sumerogram of zubbum (“fly”)


𒁍

Sumerogram of arākum (“to be long”)
Sumerogram of arkum (“long”)


𒉡

Sumerogram of lā (“not”)
Sumerogram of ul (“not”)


𒋫

Sumerogram of ištu (“from; since”)
Sumerogram of itti (“with”)
Sumerogram of ina (“from, out of”)


𒄠

Sumerogram of rīmum (“wild bull”)
Sumerogram of rīmum (“gift”)
Sumerogram of rîmum (“beloved”)


𒀀𒁺

Sumerogram of alaktum (“behaviour; road”)

Sumerogram of šēdum (“male protective spirit”)


𒅎

Sumerogram of ṭīdum (“clay, mud”)
Sumerogram of ṭuppum (“tablet”)


Adad

Adad (the god of storm, identified with the Sumerian god Ishkur, son of Anu or Enlil)


𒀭𒌓

Sumerogram of Šamaš (“the sun-god Shamash”)


𒁉

Sumerogram of šū (“he, it”)
Sumerogram of šuāti (“him/it, that”)


kī

as, like, in the manner of, according to


anāku

I (first-person singular pronoun, nominative case)


mannum

who?
whoever, anyone, someone, one
each, every (single) person


gardumu

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠

Sumerogram of Bābilim (“Babylon”): Babylon (an ancient city, the ancient capital of Babylonia in modern Iraq, built on the banks of the Euphrates)


ellum

verbal adjective of elēlum (“to become pure”):


ellum

sesame oil of a specific quality, a good sesame oil


šī

it (subject pronoun, referring to inanimate nouns of feminine gender)

that, this same (aforementioned feminine noun)


𒀖

Sumerogram of arḫum (“cow”)
Sumerogram of kakkabum (“star”)
Sumerogram of lītum (“cow”)


idum

arm
side, edge, border
handle of an instrument
span, fathom
bracelet
wing
strength


𒀭𒆘

Sumerogram of šēdum (male protective spirit)


ša

he/she who..., that which..., the one of

who, whom, which (followed by verb in the subjunctive)


𒅇𒆪𒊒𒌝

kiln-fired brick
paving stone, tile, slab
an impost
a metal object


Ištar

Ishtar (goddess of love and war, associated with the planet Venus, corresponding to the Sumerian Inanna)


ullu

Standard Babylonian and Neo-Babylonian form of ulla


𒆸

Sumerogram of upqum (“tree trunk, block”)


𒀭𒆗

Sumerogram of lamassum (“a lamassu protective spirit”)


𒉺

Sumerogram of arum (“branch”)
Sumerogram of kappum (“wing”)
Sumerogram of waklum (“overseer”)


𒊩

Sumerogram of sinništum (“woman”)
Sumerogram of awīltum (“free woman”)


𒊩

Sumerogram of raqāqum (“to become thin”)


𒃻

Sumerogram of midrum (“a type of bread”)

Sumerogram of nindanum (“ninda, a measure unit; rod, pole”)


𒅀𒁀𒊓

Jebus, the Caananite settlement of Jerusalem prior to its conquest by King David circa 1000 BC


𒅀𒁉𒊓

Jebus, the Canaanite settlement of Jerusalem prior to its conquest by King David circa 1000 BC


𒅀𒌑𒁕𒀀𒀀

Judean, of Judah, an Iron Age tribal grouping, and later kingdom, of Northwest Semites


𒊹

Sumerogram of kiššatum (“totality, world”)


𒄀

Sumerogram of šalāmum (“to be healthy, intact”)


𒄀

Sumerogram of kânum (“to be firm, true”)


𒄀

Akkadogram of epēšum (“to do, act; to make, build”)


𒉌𒅅𒆪𒌑

Necho I, a pharaoh of the 26th dynasty of Egypt.


𒍑𒆪

Sumerogram of kalûm (“lamentation priest”)


𒀋

Sumerogram of abum (“father”)
Sumerogram of šībūtum (“witness”)


𒈗𒁺

Akkadogram of Šarrum-kīn (“Sargon of Akkad”)


𒁀

Sumerogram of qiāšum (“to bestow”)
Sumerogram of zâzum (“to divide up”)


𒌚𒄞

Sumerogram of Ayyārum (“the second month of the Babylonian calendar”)


𒃵

Sumerogram of mâtum (“to die”)
Sumerogram of mītum (“dead”)


kudurru

boundary stone, boundary marker
boundary
region, territory


𒁈

Sumerogram of parakkum (“sanctuary”)
Sumerogram of šarrum (“king”)


bītum

house
palace
temple
family, tribe, household


ēkallum

palace
administrative authority, government


awīlum

man
human being
person, one
free citizen


bēlum

Bel, a Babylonian deity related to the Semitic Baal

An epithet of other deities, particularly Marduk


kanākum

to place s.th. under seal (for safekeeping, etc.)


kankum

verbal adjective of kanākum: sealed, under seal


kunukkum

seal, cylinder seal
impression made with a cylinder seal
sealed tablet/letter/document
vertebra


kanīkum

sealed document
purchase document, receipt
sealed bag


𒀀𒈾𒆪

Cuneiform spelling of annaku (“tin, lead”)


paššūrum

dining tray, table
offering table
serving portion


ālum

city, town
village, manor, estate
fort, military strongpoint


muškēnum

commoner, dependent (a class of people dependent or reliant on others, unable to provide supplies on their own)


qaqqadum

head
person, self
leading person
upper part, top
capital, principal (amount)


ṣābum

worker, soldier
gang, army, troop, people, population


wardum

follower, subject of a king, worshiper of a deity


rēšum

first installment, original amount, capital assets


kakkabum

star
meteor, falling star
star-shaped object/formation


emūqum

strength, power, force, ability
armed forces, army
value, ability, executive power


pānum

wish, choice, intention, plan, purpose, concern, consideration, opinion


pānum

bushel (a dry capacity measure, equal to 60 qûm in Old Babylonian and 36 qûm in Neo-Babylonian, i.e. 1/5 of a kurrum (“kor”))


išdum

administration, organization of a government


libbum

mind, thought, intention, wish, desire, preference


𒊬

Sumerogram of šaṭārum (“to write; inscription”)

Sumerogram of šiṭrum (“text, inscription”)


nārum

River, River-god (a river personified or deified)


šārtum

a single hair
hair
fur
goat hair (as raw material)


uznum

ear
attention
wisdom, understanding, intelligence
handle


ištu

since, after
when, as soon as
since, because


damāqum

to be good, better, improve, prosper, have success, have a good luck


danānum

to become strong
to be hard, severe, tough, threatening


ḫalāqum

to disappear, vanquish, go missing, get lost, perish


𒆳

Sumerogram of kašādum (“to conquer”)
Sumerogram of kašdum (“successful”)
Sumerogram of mātum (“land”)
Sumerogram of šadûm (“mountain”)
Akkadogram of sīsûm (“horse”)


𒀾

Sumerogram of arārum (“to curse”)
Sumerogram of erretum (“curse”)


arārum

to treat with disrespect, insult, disown, disavow


𒄯

Sumerogram of erûm (“handmill”)
Sumerogram of ṭênum (“to grind”)


𒃻𒁀

Sumerogram of qiāšum (“to bestow”)
Sumerogram of qīštum (“gift”)


𒁁

Sumerogram of petûm (“to open”)
Sumerogram of petûm (“open”)
Sumerogram of pītum (“opening”)


𒁁

Sumerogram of nagbum (“spring, underground waters”)

Sumerogram of kabtum (“heavy; honoured”)


𒁁

Sumerogram of gamārum (“to bring to an end”)


𒁁

Sumerogram of dāmum (“blood”)
Sumerogram of mâtum (“to die”)
Sumerogram of mītum (“dead”)
Sumerogram of mūtum (“death”)


𒍪

Sumerogram of edûm (“to know”)
Sumerogram of lamādum (“to learn”)
Sumerogram of le'ûm (“to be able to”)


𒋢

Sumerogram of maškum (“skin, hide, leather”)


𒋢

Sumerogram of šīrum (“flesh”)
Sumerogram of zumrum (“body, person”)


ūmum

day (from midnight to the following midnight)


qanûm

reed, cane
arrow
pipe
measuring reed
a unit of length equal to 6 cubits


īkum

dyke, ditch
plot of land surrounded by a dyke


Šarrum-kīn

Sargon of Akkad, Sargon the Great (the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire)

Either of two Assyrian kings (Sargon I and Sargon II)


imērum

homer (a unity of capacity equal to 12 or 18 sūtum (“seah”))


kašādum

to arrive at (a place), reach
to achieve, accomplish, get, complete
to conquer, defeat


mātum

land (in contrast to sea), flat country (in contrast to mountain)


awīltum

woman, lady
female, feminine
an epithet for Bēlessunu, a goddess


ṣeḫrum

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:


ṣeḫērum

to be small, little, few
to be young, little
to be underage, a minor


ṣuḫārum

boy, male child, adolescent
male servant


ṣuḫārtum

young woman, female child, adolescent
female servant


aḫûm

foreign, outsider, alien
hostile
unusual, strange, abnormal
additional, extraordinary


-ī

Suffix used to derive adjectives (with the meaning “related to ...”) from nouns.


aḫum

brother
colleague, associate
one another, one… the other…


aḫum

side of a human, flank of animal, wing of an army


kappum

hand, palm of the hand
paw
small bowl of wood, gold or silver


šinnum

tooth, tine of a comb, saw, harrow, blade of a plow


pûm

mouth
word(s), utterance, speech, command
mind, mood, opinion


šumum

name
fame, reputation
line of a tablet or composition
meaning, interpretation of an omen
because of


zikrum

discourse, utterance, pronouncement, words


ṭābum

pleasant, pleasing
sweet
fine, good, of good quality


birkum

knee
lap
euphemism for male or female genitals


qaqqarum

the earth
the underworld
ground as a surface
terrain, territory
plot of ground
stretch/extent of land
district of constellation
base, floor
a part of the liver
a blank space on cuneiform tablets


abnum

stone, rock
semiprecious or precious stone
stone


𒁲𒋻

Sumerogram of dīnum (“judging, lawsuit”)


𒆕

Sumerogram of banûm (“to be good, beautiful”)

Sumerogram of epēšum (“to do, act; to make, build”)


𒎏

Sumerogram of aḫātum (“sister”)
Sumerogram of bēltum (“lady”)
Sumerogram of rubātum (“princess”)


𒊷

Sumerogram of damāqum (“to be good”) (rare)


𒉋

Sumerogram of edēšum (“to be new”)
Sumerogram of eššum (“new”)


nadānum

to give, grant
to hand over, deliver, transfer
to set, assign
to allow


ištēn

a, an (indefinite article), single, individual, each


zikarum

a specific quality of stones and plants used as drugs; a cloud formation.


𒄘

Sumerogram of kišādum (“neck”)
Sumerogram of aḫum (“bank, shore”)


𒉌𒄑

Sumerogram of šamnum (“oil”)
Sumerogram of ellum (“sesame oil”)


šamaššammum

an oil-producing plant and its seeds, probably sesame (or flax, linseed).


šammum

plant, grass
hay, fodder
herb, drug, medicinal plant


qabûm

to say, tell, speak, report, recite, pronounce, utter, declare

to enumerate, list (to say in a written document)

to make a statement, a deposition, to declare publicly, in court.


𒍼

Sumerogram of marṣum (“sick; troublesome”)


warḫum

moon
new moon (first day of the month)
month


urrum

day, daylight (opposed to night)
early morning
tomorrow, next day


mazzaztum

position, rank (at court), array (of battle), location (of a star)


alākum

to fluctuate (prices), run (water), burn, go (fire), blow (wind), fall (rain), trail (smoke), come, pass (time), run (road)


ilkum

ilkum-service, i.e. work or service performed for the state or king, generally on a field or garden, by someone who has received the land in tenure

part of the harvest of the land as payment


alaktum

behaviour, customs
activity, movement
passage, road, course, way
caravan


𒉐

Sumerogram of wabālum (“to bring, to carry”)


kalbum

dog also as an invective
dog figurine
Hercules (the constellation)


𒄵

Sumerogram of sapāḫum (“to scatter”)
Sumerogram of sapḫum (“scattered”)


qarnum

horn
horn (a drinking vessel made of horn)
power
fringe
shoot (of a plant or tree)


nagbum

spring, fountain, source, headwaters (of a river)


𒍠

Sumerogram of aḫum (“side”)
Sumerogram of imittam
Sumerogram of imittum
Sumerogram of imnum
Sumerogram of miṣrum (“border”)
Sumerogram of pūtum


lītum

cow
bovines (of both sexes and all ages)


𒆪𒇷

Sumerogram of ibrum (“comrade, colleague”)


mēsum

mēsum tree, mēsum wood (a type of native tree and its wood)


𒆗

Sumerogram of danānum (to be strong)
Sumerogram of dannum (strong)


dārum

generation, lifetime (60~70 years, the life span of a human being)


amurdinnum

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


Urarṭu

Urartu (a country north of Assyria occupying the mountainous area around Lake Van and enemy of Assyria in the first millennium BCE)


sīḫum

an uncertain kind of tree and its resin, possibly wormwood (Artemisia judaica)


ergilum

a type of orthopteran, possibly the bush-cricket


musukkannum

a musukkannu tree (a type of tree and its wood imported from the East)


akālum

to eat, consume
to use, to have usufruct of
to pocket, (to take for oneself)


ṣuprum

nail impression (on a clay tablet, as signature)


lamassum

a lamassu protective spirit (representing and protecting the good fortune, spiritual health and physical appearance of human beings, cities, temples and countries)


𒊨

Sumerogram of ezziš (“furiously”)
Sumerogram of ezzetum (“fury”)
Sumerogram of ezēzum (“to be furious”)


šēdum

a šēdum protective deity (a male spirit or demon representing the individual's vital force)


ziqqurratum

temple tower, ziggurat
peak (of a mountain)
a cake in the shape of a ziggurat


𒌑𒄉

Sumerogram of ašāgum (“a common spiny plant”)


parāsum

to keep away, exclude (enemies, daemons, etc. from land, temples, etc.)


𒀀𒈠𒊒

Sumerogram of abūbum (“the Deluge, devastating flood”)


𒅾

Sumerogram of šaptum (“lip”)
Sumerogram of ziqnum (“beard”)


𒀄

Sumerogram of ḫalāqum (“to disappear”)
Sumerogram of ḫalqum (“lost, missing”)


𒁼

Sumerogram of išdum (“base, foundation”)


𒂂

Sumerogram of kabātum (“to be heavy”)
Sumerogram of kabtum (“heavy”)


𒂕

Sumerogram of warka (“afterwards; behind”)


𒄃

Sumerogram of egērum (“to lie transversely across”)

Sumerogram of parākum (“to lie across, obstruct”)


𒆥

Sumerogram of šapārum (“to send word; to command”)


𒈧

Sumerogram of bīrum (“divination”)
Sumerogram of ṣibtum (“interest”)
Sumerogram of urīṣum (“billy goat”)


𒈿

Sumerogram of ṣalālum (“to lie down, sleep”)


𒋙

Sumerogram of kiššatum (“totality, world”)


𒋺

Sumerogram of ezēbum (“to leave”)
Sumerogram of petûm (“to open”)


𒎙

Akkadogram of šarratum (“queen”)
Akkadogram of šarrum (“king”)


šīmtum

determined order, nature of things, divine decree


ariktum

a weapon, a spear, lance, alternatively a bow (logically characterized by longness)


būrum

young calf (of either sex)
foal, kid (the young of quadrupeds)


parzillum

iron
a kind of stone or bead, "iron stone"


zību

(also with determinative 𒄷 (^(mušen))) vulture


zībum

alternative form of zību (“jackal, vulture”)


erēšum

to sow, plant, plough and seed
to cultivate (a field)


kaprum

village (in the open country), farm
suburban settlement (around a city)


awātum

wording, text, content, terms (of an agreement)

matter, affair, thing, situation, legal case, legal transaction


šū

it (subject pronoun, referring to inanimate nouns of masculine gender)

that, this same (aforementioned masculine noun)


šiqlum

shekel (a unit of weight, equal to ca. 8.3 g. or 1/60 mina)


bibbum

planet, star (sometimes referring to specific planets, probably Mercury or Saturn)


lišānum

tongue
language
statement, report, wording


šaḫûm

a constellation or a star, perhaps Delphinus


𒆠𒌓

Sumerogram of maškanum (“threshing floor”)


maškanum

threshing floor
location, site
vacant lot


𒊩𒈨

Sumerogram of nadītum (“celibate priestess”)


nadītum

a nadītum priestess, a woman dedicated to a god and not permitted to have children


šemûm

to hear
to listen, pay attention
to obey


warad ēkallim

slave of the palace, a designation of the palace personnel

arad ekalli, a designation of a specific profession, probably a builder


warādum

to descend, go down, come down
to hang down, droop
to decrease, drop


kandum

a kandu jar, a container of earthenware or silver, mainly for wine


Ninua

Nineveh (capital city of Assyria in the late VIII and VII centuries BCE)


kakkum

a distinctive and portentive mark on the liver


šikarum

beer (made of grain)
alcoholic drink, intoxicant liquid


šulmum

completeness, intact state
well-being, health
safety, peace
good wishes, greeting
a crease on the sheep's liver


elûm

to be high, raised up
to go up, ascend, move upwards
to come up, arrive
to be the result


Enūma Eliš

The Enûma Eliš (lit. "when on high"), an Ancient Mesopotamian creation myth named after its opening words.


eliš

up, on top, on high
upward, upstream
in addition, in excess
outwardly, loudly


Ausi'i

Hoshea, the nineteenth and last king of the Israelite Kingdom of Israel


Lamaštum

Lamashtu (a female demon in Mesopotamian mythology)


napištum

throat
life, vigour, good health, livelihood
self, body, person, somebody
personnel


kišādum

neck, throat (the back and the front side of the neck, often including head and shoulders)


ḫurḫudum

trachea, larynx, throat, windpipe
pathway


Aššūr

Assur (political capital of Assyria from the XIV to the IX centuries BCE)


apkallum

sage. wise man, expert
mythological sage


dīnum

decision, judgment, verdict
case, lawsuit, claim, hearing
law, article of law


ḫamuštum

week ("one fifth of the month", a period of about 5 days)


šalāmum

health, physical well-being
welfare (of country, city, etc.)
truth, correct behaviour


šalāmum

to be(come) healthy, well, intact, in good condition, safe

to receive full payment, obtain financial satisfaction


guḫlum

kohl, antimony paste (used as eye paint)


damqum

verbal adjective of damāqum:
verbal adjective of damāqum:
verbal adjective of damāqum:
verbal adjective of damāqum:
verbal adjective of damāqum:
verbal adjective of damāqum:


mār damqi

nobleman, aristocrat
a kind of soldier
chariot-knight
high official in the kingdom


𒅆𒂟

Sumerogram of damāqum (“to be good”)
Sumerogram of damqum (“good”)


maqātum

to fall, fall down, collapse
to happen, arrive (news, etc.)
to fall upon, attack


marāṣum

to be difficult, troublesome, cause of annoyance


rapāšum

to be or become wide, broad, large, to increase, to expand


šakānum

to establish, install, appoint, assign, impose


qātum

hand
care, charge, responsibility
paw
guarantee, security, pledge


balāṭum

to live, be alive, be healthy
to get well, recover


gamārum

to bring to an end, annihilate
to use up
to encompass, control
to finish (doing something)
to come to an end
to do something completely


eqlum

field, cultivated field
terrain, land, region


maḫārum

to accept, receive
to face, approach, meet, confront
to please someone


dannum

verbal adjective of danānum:
verbal adjective of danānum:
verbal adjective of danānum:
verbal adjective of danānum:
verbal adjective of danānum:


ḫalqum

verbal adjective of ḫalāqum:
verbal adjective of ḫalāqum:


šaptum

lip
utterance, speech, command
rim, edge


burāšum

a tree of the cypress family, most likely a juniper


darārum

to be free (of a task), move about freely, run off


Šabāṭum

Šabāṭu, the eleventh month of the Babylonian calendar


qerûm

to invite
to take away, take along, lead away


qimmatum

hair (of the head), tuft, plume
crown, top (of a tree or plant)
top
top


adānum

fixed date, time limit (a moment in time at the end of a specified period)

period of time (of predetermined length or characterized by a sequence of specific events)


amūtum

liver (of a sacrificial sheep, examined by the haruspex)

(liver) omen (findings on a sheep's liver)


ṣalmum

verbal adjective of ṣalāmum:
verbal adjective of ṣalāmum:


ṣalmum

effigy, image, likeness, drawing
statue (in the round), figurine, relief
constellation


kašdum

successful, achieved, accomplished, attained, conquered


šallūrum

a fruit tree and its fruit, probably a plum


enzum

she-goat
goat (as a generic term)
Lyra (constellation)


amārum

to see, behold, look at, observe, witness, examine, inspect, notice

to experience, come across, find (an object, a site, etc.)

to find after searching, to look up (information), find (a result), come to know, realise, learn by experience

to read (a tablet, document, inscription, etc.)


𒑗

Sumerogram of šalāšat pānū (“three panu”)


𒄀𒄥

Sumerogram of pānum (“measuring basket”)


šadûm

a mythological place corresponding to Sumerian 𒆳 (kur, “underworld”).


𒌚𒉈

Sumerogram of Abum (“the fifth month of the Babylonian calendar”)


Abum

Abu, the fifth month of the Babylonian calendar (approximately July-August)


ḫarrānum

road, way, path
road, way, path
journey, trip, travel
journey, trip, travel
journey, trip, travel
military expedition/campaign
caravan
times


narkabtum

chariot (for war, hung, ceremony)
Auriga


šēpum

"foot" (a distinctive mark on the liver)


kīma

when, as soon as
because, in such a way that
that
as, according to, in the manner of


purussûm

legal decision, resolution, verdict, case


rubûm

prince
king, ruler
nobleman, important/influential person


Akkade

Akkad (a land in northern Babylonia and a city founded by Sargon of Akkad)


rēštum

top part, upper part, peak (of a mountain)


rē'ûm

participle of 𒊑𒂍𒌝 (re'ûm, “to pasture”):


maḫrûm

first, old, original
first (to come or go), next, future
former, earlier, previous
fore, front


šaplûm

lower
suffixed (of Sumerian grammar)
of lower/inferior quality


šunu

those, these same (aforementioned masculine plural noun)


𒄴𒈨

Sumerogram of pašīšum (“a kind of priest”)


kīrum

oven, kiln (especially for lime and bitumen)


Utnapištim

Utnapishtim (last antediluvian king of Šuruppak, hero of the Mesopotamian flood story, corresponding to Biblical Noah)


šīrum

flesh
kin (one's own flesh and blood)
ominous part, ominous sign


libittum

slab, cake, block (of material other than mud, like metal, stone, potash, dung, etc.)


būdum

shoulder (region between shoulders including the neck of both humans and animals)


Igigū

Igigi, a collective name for the "great gods"

Igigi, the gods of heaven (as opposed to the Anunnakkū, the gods of the netherworld)


zamārum

to sing (with or without instrumental accompaniment)


𒂍𒋞

Sumerogram of igārum (“wall of a building”)


𒃻𒂵

Sumerogram of makkūrum (“property”)
Sumerogram of namkūrum (“possessions”)


makārum

to do business, use (silver, etc) in business transactions


igārum

wall (of a building, house, garden)
side of a ship


inbum

sexual attractiveness and power, sex appeal


ezēbum

to leave, leave behind
to leave, leave behind
to entrust, leave (with someone)
to entrust, leave (with someone)
to make out (legal documents)


𒉣𒆠

Sumerogram of Bābilim (“Babylon”)
Sumerogram of Eridum (“Eridu”)


Ayyārum

Ayyāru, the second month of the Babylonian calendar


kabātum

to be/become heavy, fat
to be/become important, honoured
to be/become difficult, painful


kabtum

verbal adjective of kabātum:
verbal adjective of kabātum:
verbal adjective of kabātum:
verbal adjective of kabātum:


Addarum

Adar, the twelfth month of the Babylonian calendar (approximately February-March)


warkatum

backside, rear side
rectum, buttocks
rear guard (of an army)
later instalment
arrears (unpaid debt)
estate, inheritance
circumstances, background (of a case)


narûm

stela (for publicising inscriptions, decrees, etc.)


𒋛𒀀

Sumerogram of sāmum (“to be red, brown”)


qebērum

to roll up in clothes or reed mat (in preparation for burial)


𒁯𒈗𒄷

Sumerogram of tarlugallum (hen, rooster)


tarlugallum

hen, rooster
the name of a star or constellation


napāšum

to breathe (freely), to relax
to be wide, expand, be abundant


šapattum

15ᵗʰ day of the month
period of 15 days, a fortnight


𒄖𒋧

Sumerogram of miḫiṣtum (“cuneiform wedge”)


miḫiṣtum

cuneiform wedge, stroke (of the stylus)
wound


gigurû

name of the cuneiform sign 𒌋 (Winkelhaken)


marûm

marû ("slow (pronunciation)", used in the description of Sumerian verbs to refer to the imperfective form)


ḫamṭu

ḫamṭu ("quick (pronunciation)", used in the description of Sumerian verbs to refer to the perfective form)


𒃮𒊑

Sumerogram of šumḫurum (“to make accept, cause to meet, offer”)


petûm

verbal adjective of 𒉿𒌅𒌑𒌝 (petûm):
verbal adjective of 𒉿𒌅𒌑𒌝 (petûm):


kabattum

mood, temper, humour, mind, intention (used in parallelism with 𒊮 (libbum))


banûm

to build, construct, form, make, manufacture


ṣalālum

to lie down, sleep, be at rest, be still, be peaceful, lie still


ašrum

place, site, location, setting, locale
country, region, city, building


pagrum

self, person (often used as a reflexive pronoun)


ḫīṭum

error, fault, lack, defect
damage, harm
crime, offence, sin, penalty
negligence


esēpum

to gather up, collect, scrape together, decant


tinūrum

oven, kiln, tannour
an undetermined star or constellation


mušḫuššum

the name of a mythical or literary dragon


nīnu

we (first-person plural personal pronoun, nominative case)


attunu

ye, you (second-person plural masculine personal pronoun, nominative case)


attina

ye, you (second-person plural feminine personal pronoun, nominative case)


ullûm

that, those
yonder, far away, over there, distant
former, previous


𒃲𒉌

Sumerogram of šandanakkum (“date orchard administrator”)


𒈲𒍽

Sumerogram of mušḫuššum (“a mythical serpent”)


𒀭𒊨

Sumerogram of andullum (“cover, protection”)

Sumerogram of ṣulūlum (“roof, protection”)


nâḫum

to be at rest, slow, still, peaceful, pacified


nabûm

to name, nominate
to invoke
to summon, call, appoint
to proclaim, command, make known


maṣûm

to be equal to
to amount to, be sufficient for
to take responsibility for


𒄑𒆕

Sumerogram of ūṣum (“harrow, arrowhead”)


kīnum

verbal adjective of kânum:
verbal adjective of kânum:
verbal adjective of kânum:
verbal adjective of kânum:


waṣûm

to come out, rise, protrude, grow, sprout


nasāḫum

to remove, take away, exterminate, wipe out, clear out, pull off, eradicate

to reject, expel, deport, transfer, remove, evacuate


gūrum

foliage/leaves of reed and papyrus plants


nigûtum

joyful music, merry-making, musical celebration


šārum

emptiness, nothingness, lies, vanity, falsehood


Amurrum

toponym for Syria and the West, the land of the Amorites


nišum

population, inhabitants, subjects (of a king)

servants, serfs, retainers (belonging to an estate, palace, household, person, etc.)


birqum

lightning bolt, thunderbolt (representation of a lightning)


ṣiāḫum

to laugh, smile
to be alluring, to act coquettishly


dayyānī

accusative and genitive plural of dayyānum


kišpī

accusative and genitive plural of kišpum


šuāti

him, her, it, to him, to her, to it
that, the aforementioned


šebērum

to break, fracture
to harrow a field for the second time


šēlebum

fox
an unidentified star
a kind of fish
a kind of bird or locust


ṣillum

protection, canopy (on a boat), awning, covering


pītum

opening, aperture, breach, break
opening ceremony
clasp (of a necklace)


amēlu

Middle Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian, and Late Babylonian form of awīlum


gulgullum

skull
container shaped like a human skull


abullum

entrance gate (of a city, building or building complex)


zumrum

body (of humans, animals, objects, etc.)


ūmam

today, on this day
for a day
on one day... on another...


epēšum

to act, behave, proceed, be(come) active

to do, carry out, excercise (a function), used mainly in idiomatic phrases.


našûm

to lift up, raise
to carry, bear, support
to transport, deliver
to take, accept, receive


pūtum

forehead, front, brow
facade
opposite, in front of


nazāqum

to worry, be upset, have worries
be vexed, be annoyed
to creak, squeak, hiss


arnum

crime, wrongdoing, offence, misdeed, guilt, fault, sin


abūbum

the Deluge, the Flood (as cosmic event or as personification of the ultimate wrath, destruction and aggressiveness)

the Deluge, the Flood (a monster with definite features)


bibbulum

day of the disappearance of the moon (the 28th or 29th of the month)


wabālum

to carry (things, animals, people; life, prosperity; messages, dreams)


edûm

to be experienced, familiar with, versed in


labirum

verbal adjective of labārum:
verbal adjective of labārum:
verbal adjective of labārum:
verbal adjective of labārum:


šeššig

word used to describe a sign that is expanded with a set of entangled marks. For example the sign 𒁽 is described as 𒁺𒊺𒋝 (DU-šeššig).


gunû

word used to describe a sign that is expanded with a variable number of either vertical, horizontal, or slanted lines, or an equally variable number of triangles. For example the sign 𒀕 is described as 𒀊𒄖𒉡𒌑 (AB-gunû), 𒋤 as 𒁍𒄖𒉡𒌑 (BU-gunû) , 𒁼 as 𒁺𒄖𒉡𒌑 (DU-gunû), etc.


tenû

word used to describe a sign written with an angle of inclination (45 degrees to the right, or rarely 90 degrees to the left). It can affect the whole sign or just a part of it. For example the sign 𒄕 is described as 𒄑𒋼𒉡𒌑 (GIŠ-tenû), 𒋔 as 𒉢𒋼𒉡𒌑 (ŠIR-tenû), etc.


lē'um

writing board (of wood, filled with wax).


𒅎𒍇𒇻

Sumerogram of šūtum (“south, south wind”)


wāšipum

exorcist, incantation priest, magician, sorcerer


Pazūzu

Pazuzu, an evil demon, king of the wind demons.


aššum

concerning, regarding, on behalf of, on account of, because of


aššum

because of (the fact that)
in order to, so that
that


ṣimdatum

regulation, ordinance, edict, decree
temple regulation


ṣamādum

to yoke, harness, tie, attach
to make ready, prepare


ezzum

angry, furious, fierce
terrible, awe-inspiring


gitmālum

equal (in size, rank, etc.)
noble, perfect


kadrum

verbal adjective of kadārum:
verbal adjective of kadārum:


šaḫāṭum

to jump, leap, jump up, jump on, jump over

to jerk, twitch, pulse, move spasmodically


marṣum

verbal adjective of marāṣum:
verbal adjective of marāṣum:


šalmum

verbal adjective of šalāmum:
verbal adjective of šalāmum:


pušqum

narrowness, narrow place, strait
distress, hardship, dire straits


rabûm

verbal adjective of rabûm:
verbal adjective of rabûm:
verbal adjective of rabûm:
verbal adjective of rabûm:


pašāqum

to be(come) narrow, constricted
to be(come) difficult


sapḫum

verbal adjective of sapāḫum: scattered, dispersed


šanûm

verbal adjective of šanûm:
verbal adjective of šanûm:


wašṭum

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
verbal adjective of wašāṭum:


simtum

fitting, suitable, seemly, appropriate, necessary (said of people or things)


arkum

verbal adjective of arākum:
verbal adjective of arākum:


arākum

to be(come) long, last long
to be delayed, too long, drag on


bānûm

participle of banûm:
participle of banûm:


bīšum

possession, movable property, goods, valuables


sikkatum

peg, nail
cone, pyramid
foundation cone, wall cone
blade (of a plough)


dārûm

everlasting, perpetual, enduring
durable, lasting


nēmequm

experience, knowledge, wisdom, sagacity, skill


kânum

to stay in place, remain stationary
to remain steadfast and secure
to endure
to be true
to be loyal


egu

a thorny plant, probably a kind of camelthorn


ibrum

comrade, fellow, friend, colleague, peer, equal (a person of the same status or profession)


šiṭrum

text, inscription (any piece of writing)


tiāmtum

sea, ocean
lake
a mythological or deified locality
Tiamat


šaṭārum

copy, exemplar, text, inscription, writing, written document


šaṭārum

to write down, inscribe, copy
to issue a legal document
to list, register, record
to assign


bašûm

to exist, to be there, present, available


qiāšum

to bestow, give, grant, make a votive offering


qīštum

gift (presented to gods), votive offering


𒌚𒀾

Sumerogram of Šabāṭum (“the eleventh month of the Babylonian calendar”)


išûm

to have, own
to have a claim (against someone)
used as a copulative


kārum

embankment, quay wall, mooring place
harbour, port
trading station, community of merchants
price of a unit of merchandise


parādum

to be scared, terrified, fearful, disturbed, upset, restless


pašāḫum

to calm down, be(come) appeased, relaxed, tranquil, content, be at rest


damqiš

well, carefully
kindly, benevolently, piously


-iš

Combined with an infinitive, it denotes purpose, and corresponds to the preposition 𒀀𒈾 (ana) plus infinitive. It only occurs in Old Babylonian literary texts.

Suffix used to derive adverbs from adjectives.


izuzzum

to help, stand by, support, welcome, side with

to stay, reside, dwell, occupy an office


kaṣûm

verbal adjective of kaṣûm (“to be(come) cold”):


šuburrum

rump, bottom, rear, buttocks, rectum, anus


titūrum

bridge, causeway
distance between two tones
a formation on the liver


bakûm

to weep, shed tears
to wail, mourn
to howl


Sāmerīna

The ancient capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel, modern Sebastia in the West Bank

an ancient Assyrian province encompassing the central hill country of Palestine, mostly in the northern part of modern West Bank


ašāgum

a common spiny plant, perhaps a camelthorn


kurûm

verbal adjective of karûm:
verbal adjective of karûm:


Elamtu

Elam (an ancient civilization and empire in modern southwestern Iran, existing between c. 3200 BCE and 539 BCE)


mīnum

what?
what, whatever
why?, what for?, for what reason?


mīnum

number
accounting
shape, good look, figure


šapārum

to send word (written or spoken), a message, a report, to write to

to give orders, command, govern, rule, administer


šiprum

message, report, commission
messenger
work, task, activity, mission


šaprum

messenger, envoy
variation of 𒊭𒁀𒅈𒌈 (šapartum, “pledge”)


šaprum

thigh (contextually often applied to female genitals)


salīmum

peace, concord, amity
reconciliation with the gods, favor


salāmum

to make peace, become reconciled, be at peace


zibānītum

a type of scale or balance (literally: "provided with a zabana")


râmum

nominalization of râmum (“to love”): love, love-making


wālidum

begetter, birth giving, (mother) who bore, real (father/mother), progenitor/progenitress


ḫūdum

joy, happiness
satisfaction, contentment
of one's own free will


ḫadûm

to be well disposed toward, to welcome someone


šasûm

to call, summon, invoke, invite, appeal to, demand, call for

to call by a name, declare, name, name a price


rigmum

voice, cry
sound, noise
call, proclamation
complaint, request, legal complaint


ûm

barley, grain
grain as unit of measure
pine nut


gamālum

to do a favour, be obliging, perform a kind act, act so as to please


le'ûm

to be able, master, be an expert, understand

to win, overpower someone, be more powerful


narūqum

sack, bag
a dry measure
a business partnership
a business partnership


tumrum

cinder, ashes, ember, (glowing) charcoal


tarbāṣum

pen (for cattle), animal stall, enclosure, courtyard


Sîn

Nanna, Suen, Nanna-Suen, the Sumerian moon god, son of Enlil and Ninlil.


mayyālum

bed, sleeping place, resting place
grave


nisannum

offering of first produce of the season, offering of first fruits

Nisannu (first month of the Babylonian calendar, corresponding to March-April)


nēr

a word for troops, possibly host or army


tamšīlum

image, resemblance, counterpart, equivalent, peer

a type of bird, perhaps a type of wild dove (compare Hebrew תָּסִיל (tɔsíl) and Aramaic תְּסִילָא (təsīlā)).


gišrum

wooden bar, log
wooden bar, log
bridge
bridge toll


uṣurtum

line drawing, plan, building plan, layout, patterns, lines, picture, engraving, relief


qunnabu

an aromatic (possibly the seeds or flowers of hemp)


Gilgāmeš

Gilgamesh (a Sumerian king of early dynastic Uruk, later made an epic hero)


ešērum

to go well, be(come) well, successful, healthy, favourable, to straighten up, to prosper, to be(come) straight, fair, right, normal, to go straight toward, charge (an enemy)


ṣibtum

interest
a part of the liver
a garment
a type of bread


tarāṣum

to be(come) pleasing, just, right, to be(come) honest, proper, to be(come) correct, fitting


nāqidum

stockbreeder
herdsman of sheep, goats and cows